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Energy in a Cell

Energy in a Cell. Ch 9 V. Hassell. Energy in a Cell. Work is done in the body as it moves and functions. It requires energy to do so. While food provides the raw material, it must be broken down into simpler substances like glucose to be used.

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Energy in a Cell

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  1. Energy in a Cell Ch 9 V. Hassell

  2. Energy in a Cell • Work is done in the body as it moves and functions. • It requires energy to do so. • While food provides the raw material, it must be broken down into simpler substances like glucose to be used.

  3. The form of energy the cells use is called ATP. • The breakdown of glucose in the cycles produces the A TP the body needs. • (Wood, oil and solar energy all are sources of energy, but appliances must have them converted into electricity to use it).

  4. ATP- • Adenosine Tri-phosphate is made up of 1 adenine molecule • 1 ribose sugar and 3 phosphates • . The energy it provides is from the breaking of the phosphate bonds.

  5. ATP is like a charged battery which supplies the cells energy- • The energy is released when it is broken down & releases a phosphate

  6. ADP is formed- • like a dead battery which can be recharged with additional energy and replacing the phosphate • ADP + energy (sunlight) + 1 phosphate -produces ATP

  7. Light reactions- Photosynthesis • Autotrophs- using chlorophyll, captures sunlight and produce glucose (carbohydrates, fatty acids & cellulose) in the process of photosynthesis • Chlorophyll appears green because it reflects green and yellow light. • There are many types/colors of pigments- absorb other colors of light

  8. Photosynthesis • Carbon dioxide + water produces glucose + oxygen Chlorophyll + sunlight are needed. • Light reaction- Light energy is converted to chemical energy. Water molecules are split providing hydrogen for the Calvin Cycle. Oxygen is given off as a by product

  9. Calvin Cycle • the synthesis part of photosynthesis • Energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll molecule in the thylakoid. • The passing along of this energy along a series of molecules is called the electron transport chain.

  10. 1. Electron transport chains • electrons pass down the chain the energy is stored in the bonds of A TP- The energy is from light & the chlorophyll molecule. • http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/etc.html

  11. 1. Electron transport chains • The hydrogen and a freed electron is picked up by NADP • The oxygen is a waste product from the reaction-the air you breathe The plant produces A TP , NADPH + H

  12. Photolysis- • water is split during photosynthesis.

  13. 2. The Calvin Cycle • Carbon fixation- a carbon atom of carbon dioxide is fixed (attached) to a 5 carbon molecule. • It takes CO2 from the air and converts it to a form that can be used by living things 2. The Calvin Cycle • http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/calvin.html 2. The Calvin Cycle

  14. 2. The Calvin Cycle • Takes place in stroma (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts • Carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen to form sugars- • ( carbohydrates, starch & cellulose)

  15. 2. The Calvin Cycle • These are used to provide energy to plants & animals when the carbohydrates are broken down to release energy.

  16. Life without Light • Chemosynthesis- • autotrophs obtains energy from inorganic compounds without light. • Do not need oxygen- • Converts carbon dioxide and Hydrogen gas to methane (CH4) Important in decomposition process Breaks downs sewage

  17. Section 3 -Getting Energy to Make ATP • Glucose, (fatty acids and amino acids -sometimes) can be used as energy sources Energy from glucose is used to attach phosphate groups to ADP to form ATP

  18. Section 3 - Respiration • Process where food is broken down to release energy. • It can be aerobic (needs oxygen) or anaerobic (no oxygen needed).

  19. I. Glycolysis- Anaerobic • 6 carbon glucose forms 2- 3 carbon pyruvic acids Hydrogen ions & electrons combine with NAn to form NADH • NADH- coenzyme used in photosynthesis

  20. I. Glycolysis- Anaerobic • It produces 2 ATP for each glucose which is broken down • Takes place in cytoplasm

  21. I. Glycolysis- with Oxygen • Aerobic- uses oxygen • - takes place in mitochondrion

  22. Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid • pyruvic Acid-3.carbon compound • -changed to-acetic acid (2 carbons ) • (The third carbon forms CO2) • Acetic acid combines with coenzyme A-forming acetyl-CoA

  23. 2. Citric Acid Cycle • 2nd step of aerobic respiration • produces more A TP & releases electrons which are picked up by NAD & FAD • Acetyl-CoA combines with 4 Carbon molecules to form a 6 carbon molecule

  24. 2. Citric Acid Cycle • Citric acid is broken down • 1 st step- to a 5 carbon • 2nd step- 4 carbon-releasing CO2 each step

  25. 2. Citric Acid Cycle • In both glycolysis & citric acid cycle some ATP is formed. • 4th part of aerobic respiration

  26. Electron Transport Chain • electrons are trasferred- releasing energy. • Electrons from both glycolysis & citric acid cycle used. • Occurs on inner membranes of mitochondria

  27. Electron Transport Chain • Aerobic reaction because the last electron acceptor is oxygen which then forms water. • If no oxygen is present the chain stops.

  28. Energy without Oxygen • 3. Fermentation- no oxygen • No additional ATP is formed 2 types

  29. Fermentation • 1. lactic acid • 2. alcohol fermentation

  30. Fermentation • 1. lactic acid • fermentation- ~produces lactic acid • occurs when the cells use more energy than can be supplied- • it causes muscle fatigue

  31. Fermentation • 2. alcohol fermentation • many bacteria and fungi such as yeast carry out alcoholic fermentation with alcohol & carbon dioxide as the end products.

  32. Photosynthesis & Respiration are alike • involve energy • requires enzymes • occurs in specific organelles • involves moving electrons in electron transport chains. Different- opposite

  33. ATP: Energy in a Molecule • Work-done whenever anything moves • Body does work & requires energy • Energy provided in the form of work

  34. Body Energy • Used to maintain homeostasis • Cells need a form of energy called ATP which is produced from the breakdown of food • Coal or gas can not produce energy for appliances. Appliances need electricity. Coal & gas are used to produce electricity.

  35. High energy foods • Sugars • fats • starches

  36. ATP- • Adenosine Triphosphate • 1 adenine • 3 phosphates • 1 ribose sugar • energy is released from breaking the phosphate bonds

  37. ATP-> ADP + energy • ATP is needed in a constant & abundant supply for cellular energy or the cell will die.

  38. ATP-> ADP + energy • a battery which has electricity to use and becomes discharged • ADP + energy-> ATP • ADP can become recharged with the addition on energy & ATP

  39. Energy is stored when ATP is made from ADP + phosphate • Energy is released when ATP breaks down to ADP + phosphate

  40. Enzymes • Carry out cell reactions • build membranes • build cell organelles

  41. The more active the cell- the more ATP needed • The more mitochondria will be in the cell • ex. Bird wings/muscles would contain high or low levels of mitochondria?

  42. Section 10. 2 Light reactions- Photosynthesis • The oxygen is a waste product from the reaction-the air you breathe

  43. Section 10. 2 Light reactions- Photosynthesis V. Hassell

  44. 1. Electron transport chain • -as electrons pass down the chain the energy is stored in the bonds of ATP- The energy is from light & the chlorophyll molecule

  45. 1. Electron transport chain • photosynthesis. • The hydrogen and a freed electron is picked up by NADP • The oxygen is a waste product from the reaction-the air you breathe • The plant produces ATP, NADPH + H

  46. 2. The Calvin Cycle • Carbon fixation-a carbon atom of carbon dioxide is fixed (attached) to a 5 carbon molecule.

  47. 2. The Calvin Cycle • It takes CO2 from the air and converts it to a form that can be used by living things. • Takes place in stroma (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts

  48. 2. The Calvin Cycle • Carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen to form sugars- (carbohydrates, starch & cellulose) • These are used to provide energy to plants & animals when the carbohydrates are broken down to release energy.

  49. Life without Light • Chemosynthesis- an autotroph obtains energy from inorganic compounds without the use of light. Do not need oxygen- may be poisoned by oxygen • Converts carbon dioxide and Hydrogen gas to methane (CH4)

  50. Important in decomposition process • Breaks downs sewage • Bacteria-some methane producing bacteria (prokayotes) • Found in marshes, lake sediments, digestive tracts of ruminants (cows) • Also occurs near cracks in ocean floor in Pacific Ocean.

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