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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Explore key organic reactions including substitution, addition, polymerization, and esterification. Learn about practical applications and processes like fermentation and saponification. Discover the world of organic chemistry!

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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  1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PART III: ORGANIC REACTIONS

  2. Substitution • Used to place a halogen onto an alkane • Must use the halogen in diatomic form • The products are always a halocarbon and hydro_______ acid. • Needs ultraviolet light to activate the reaction

  3. Addition • Takes place with unsaturated compounds which are usually more reactive that saturated compounds • Add a halogen across a double bond

  4. Polymerization • Making of polymers from monomers. • Monomers – individual units of a polymer. • Addition polymerization – alkenes or alkynes joining together to form a long chain saturated hydrocarbon. • Used to create plastics and rubber

  5. Condensation polymerization – monomers contain OH and/or NH2 groups • Results in two products, a polymer and water • Used to create nylon and polyester

  6. Dehydrate 2 primary alcohols and produce water and an ether CH3CH2CH2OH+CH3CH2CH2CH2OH→ (1- propanol) (1- butanol) HOH+CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3 (water) (propyl butyl ether) Making Ethers

  7. Esterification • Alcohol + Acid = Water + Ester • Used in making perfumes and scents • Combination reaction which involves dehydration. • The alcohol becomes the alkyl group and the acid becomes the -oate

  8. Enzymes are used as catalysts and sugars are broken down to alcohols and carbon dioxide ZymaseC6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 Glucose Ethanol Carbon dioxide Fermentation

  9. Hydrolysis of fats by a strong base (KOH or NaOH) Products are soap and glycerol Saponification

  10. Practical Application • Alkyl halides – used as solvents, cleaning agents, nonstick coatings (PTFE), refrigerants (CFCs) • Denatured alcohols (solvents, fuel) • Ethers – anesthetics for surgery • Amines – dyes, pesticides, plastics, tires • Aldehydes – preservatives, buttons, appliance and automotive parts, adhesives • Ketones – acetone, solvents for waxes, plastics, paints, glues • Organic acids – insects, foods, used to make esters • Esters – flavors, fragrances – foods, candles, perfumes, etc.

  11. Petroleum • Crude oil from the earth is made up of many of hydrocarbons • In order to separate it into many useful compounds, two processes are used • Cracking – use of high heat, to break long hydrocarbon chains into smaller ones • Fractional distillation – separation of hydrocarbons due to differences in boiling points

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