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Exercise Science PSE4U0

Explore the foundational principles of anatomy and physiology, covering the skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular systems, and more. Learn how the body's structure and functions impact movement.

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Exercise Science PSE4U0

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  1. Exercise SciencePSE4U0 Strand A) Biological Basis of Human Movement

  2. UNIT #1:Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Unit Overview: • Principles and Terminology • The Skeletal System • The Muscular System • Joint Mechanics and Joint Injuries • Energy Systems and Muscle Fibre Types • The Nervous System and the Control of Movement • The Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

  3. Principles and Terminology • Anatomy (gk anatome – dissection): The study of the structural organization of living things- how they are ‘built’ and what they consist of. • Physiology: The study of how body parts function. • Exercise Physiology: The study of how the body responds and adapts to the stress of exercise  • Scientists/health care professionals use a common language of special terms when referring to the body structure and their functions.

  4. Anatomical Position • Description of any region or part of the body occurs from this standard starting point • Standing erect facing the observer • Head level and eyes forward • Feet flat and forward • Arms at sides with the palms forward

  5. Planes • The anatomical position is further divided into three sections – or planes. • These sections are imaginary flat surfaces that pass through parts of the body • Can be used to describe cuts through parts • Sagittal (gk: arrow) - runs vertical and divides body/organs into sides • Frontal/Coronal (gk: crown) – runs vertical and divides body/organs into front and back • Transverse – runs horizontally and divides the body/organs into superior and inferior

  6. Planes

  7. What Plane is Used to Section this Organ?

  8. Planes again…..

  9. Axes • The anatomical position can also be divided into axes of rotation • Axes are used to describe the movement at joints • Horizontal – extends from one side of the body to another • Longitudinal – extends from head to toe • Antero-posterior – extends from front to back

  10. Axes

  11. Relationship Between Planes and Axes Planes and axes can be used to describe basic human movement:

  12. Position and Movement • Anterior- front surface of the body • Posterior- back surfaces of the body • Superior- close to the top of the body • Inferior- close to the lower half of the body • Medial- towards the midline • Lateral- away from the midline • Proximal- towards the upper segment of the limb • Distal- towards the lower segment of the limb

  13. Position and Movement

  14. Basic Movements of Joints • Flexion- decreasing the angel between a joint • Extension- increasing the angel between a joint • Adduction- moving towards the midline • Abduction- moving away from the midline • Internal Rotation- rotating inwardly towards the midline • External Rotation- rotating outwardly away from the midline • Circumduction- circular motion • Supination– palms facing forward • Pronation- palms facing backwards • Plantar Flexion- pointing toes down • Dorsi Flexion- pointing toes upwards

  15. Guess that Axis and Plane

  16. HINTS  • Axis of rotation is always perpendicular to plane of movement • In anatomical position , all flexion and extension occur in sagittal plane; all abduction/adduction occur in frontal plane; all rotation occurs in transverse plane • More complicated movements occur in a combination of motions from more than one plane

  17. Can you guess our next topic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6WMbV5Op58&list=PLB2B4C58B704A613B&index=3&feature=plpp_video

  18. The Skeletal System Skeleton (gk. dried up) - adult 206 bones (14% total bw) - at birth over 300 bones - bones fuse over time (e.g skull) - femur (leg bone) is longest - stapes (ear bone) is tiniest - males tend to have thicker bones - females have wider pelvis for childbearing - primary roles in support, movement, growth center for cells, reservoir for minerals (ca+, ph+) and protection

  19. Divisions of the Skeleton • Axial Skeleton (80 bones) • bones on the center of the human body • Vertebral column • Skull • Ribs Cage 2. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) • bones on the upper and lower limbs and girdles

  20. 5 Types of Bones 1. Long Bones- greater length than width and consist of a shaft (e.g. femur) 2. Short Bones- somewhat cube shaped and nearly equal in length and width (e.g. most wrist bones)

  21. 5 Types of Bones 3. Flat Bones – flat and thin bones (e.g. cranial bones) 4. Irregular Bones – complex shapes (e.g. vertebrae) 5. Sesamoid Bones – develop in tendons in stress (e.g. patella)

  22. Bones Cranium • Superior end of vertebral column • Contains 22 bones • All bones connected by sutures (immovable fibrous joints) except tempromandibular joint (synovial joint) • Composed of: • Cranial bones (gk. brain case) – encloses and protects the brain • Facial bones – origin to muscles of facial expression

  23. Facial and Cranial Bone

  24. Vertebral Column • 24 total vertebrae • 5 major regions • Cervical - 7 • C1= Atlas (supports the head like the mythological ‘Atlas’ who supported the world on his shoulders, has no body) • C2= Axis (allows for rotation, has a body) • C3-C7 = (support head and neck) • Lordosis • Thoracic – 12 • Articulate with ribs bilaterally • Kyphosis • Lumbar – 5 • Largest and lots of range of motion • Thick processes allow secure attachments for ligaments/muscle tendons • Sacrum – 5 • Fused • Joints with ilium to form sacroiliac • Coccyx – 2-4 • Partly fused

  25. Thoracic Cage • Chest • Houses heart, lungs, etc… • Passageway for esophagus, trachea, nerves, etc… • Rib movement is responsible for 25% of respiratory effort (diaphragm does the rest) • True Ribs: 1-7 articulate directly with sternum • False Ribs: 8-10 articulate indirectly with sternum • Floating Ribs: 11-12 do not articulate with sternum

  26. Pectoral Girdle and Humerus • 2 scapula, 2 clavicles • Acromioclavicular joint (synovial joint)- where clavicle attaches to scapula at acromium process • and is commonly disjointed (separated shoulder)

  27. Glenohumeral joint (ball and socket joint)–where humerous attaches to scapula at glenoid cavity • prone to overuse injuries and dislocations • Scapula have no bony connection to axial skeleton, only secured by muscles so lots of mobility • Hitting ulnar nerve under humerour’s medial epicondyle is ‘hitting funny bone”

  28. Forearm Bones • Radius – thumb side • radiohumeral joint (synovial joint) - where rounded head articulates with capitulum of humerous • radioulnar joint (synovial joint) – where rounded head articulates with the radial notch of the ulna • Characterized by styloid process – distally flares at • Ulna – pinky side • Characterized by olecranon – on back on elbow • humeroulnar joint (synovial joint) – where trochlear notch articulates with throchlea of humerous

  29. Wrist and Hand Bones • Radiocarpal Joint • where distal articular surface of radius meets wrist bones of hand • Provides flexion/extension and abduction/adduction movements • Intercarpal Joints • where carpal bones articulate • Provides wrist movement • Metacarpophalangeal Joints • provide hand movements • Carpometacarparal Joint • The unique thumb joint • Saddle joint • provides opposition/reposition and circumduction movements • Interphalangeal Joints • provide finger movements

  30. Pelvic Girdle • Pelvic girdle – ilium, ishium, pubis fused • Acetabulum – socket for hip joint • Ishialtuberosiy’s – sit bones (YOGA) • Female pelvis is wider, deeper with more curvature

  31. Thigh and Leg Bones • Femur- thigh bone • Greater and lesser trochanters are at the proximal end and are insertion for hip muscles • Linea aspera on back is origin and insertion point for many muscles • Medial and lateral epicondyle are on distal end and support knee • Tibia- lower leg bone • larger and more medial of two • Major weight bearing • Fibula- lower leg bone • Smaller and more distal • Lateral mallelous articulates with talus to form ankle • Patella – sesamoid bone • located in quadriceps femoris muscles

  32. Ankle and Foot Bones • Ankle joint – dorsiflexion and plantar flexion • Excessive rotation of the ankle causes torn ligaments and fractures • Ankle is stronger medially than laterally because greater ligament support • Greater incidence of inversion sprains than eversion (think rolling an ankle in basketball/volleyball) • Great toe aids in locomotion

  33. ANATOMY OF THE LONG BONE

  34. Articulation Cartilage • Protects the ends of bones • Allows smooth movement in joints Periosteum • Connective tissue that covers bone • Point of conenct Medullary Cavity • Filled with marrow • Red marrow: bones cells form • Yellow marrow: fatty tissue

  35. Compact Bone • Dense and strong Spongy Bone • A matrix of small cavities filled with marrow • High rbc formation • Softer and weaker Diaphysis • Shaft of long bone Epiphysis - End of long bone

  36. FRACTURES

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