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Endocrine System

Explore the various alterations in the endocrine system, including hypothalamic regulation, hyper-/hypo-secretion of hormones, receptor changes, and signal transduction problems. Learn about the role of cell signaling, cellular actions, feedback loops, and the fate of hormones. Dive into the anatomy and function of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, and thyroid and parathyroid glands. Understand the disorders associated with these glands and the impact on hormone integration.

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Endocrine System

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Endocrine System Alterations

  2. Homeostatic Controls

  3. Endocrine Glands & Hormones

  4. Endocrine Problem Overview • Hypothalamic Regulation • Hyper- / Hypo- secretion of hormones • Antibodies against hormone • Receptor changes or blockage • Signal Transduction problems

  5. Cell Signaling

  6. Signal Transduction Overview

  7. Receptor Location Summary

  8. Cellular Actions • Synthesis • Contraction and Relaxation of muscles • Secretion • Cell permeability changes • DNA transcription • Phosphorylate to activate enzymes • Protein synthesis

  9. Feed Back Loops • Ultra Short • Short • Long

  10. Fate of Hormones • Deactivated • Secreted

  11. Hypothalamus

  12. Hypothalamic Nuclei • Supraoptic • Preoptic • Paraventricular • Ventromedial • Dorsomedial • Mammillary • Arcuate (Infundibular)

  13. Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland

  14. Direct Neural Regulation of PP Store Release

  15. Hypophyseal Portal System

  16. Hypothalamic Control over AP

  17. Hypothalamic Control for AP

  18. Pituitary Anatomy

  19. Pituitary Hormones

  20. Posterior Pituitary: ADH problems • DI • Decrease ADH • Central Diabetes • ISADH • Increase ADH • Tumor

  21. Panhypopituitarism

  22. Pituitary Adenoma

  23. Pituitary Tumor View and Surgery

  24. Pineal Gland Location

  25. Brain Sand in Pineal Gland Brain Sand: Calcium, Magnesium, Silicon

  26. Melatonin Synthesis

  27. Melatonin Stimulus

  28. Melatonin Function

  29. OTC Hormones

  30. Hormone Integration

  31. Pineal Gland Tumor

  32. GH: Hypersecretion

  33. Dwarfism Three Types

  34. Achondrodysplasia • Autosomal dominant (primarily from older men > 35 years old) • Two copies are fatal • Gene 3 Fibroblast Growth Factor point mutation • Abnormal Cartilage production • Short Bones • Skeletal radiograph to confirm

  35. MOPD: Primordial Dwarfism • Microcephalic • Osteodysplasia • Fetal Development • Maximum: 3 ft tall • Proportional dwarf • Brain Aneurysms occur

  36. Thyroid and Parathyroid

  37. Thyroid Gross Anatomy

  38. Thyroid Hormone Control and Problems • Thyrotoxicosis • Hyperthyroidism • Hypothyroidism • Graves Disease • Autoimmune • Tumors • Carcinoma • Adenoma

  39. Thyroid Scans

  40. Thyroid Histology

  41. Thyroid Hormone Formation

  42. Thyroid Hormone Regulation

  43. Thyroid Hormone Target / Action

  44. Thyroid Problems

  45. Hypothyroidism

  46. Iodine Deficiency

  47. Cretinism

  48. Myxedema

  49. Secondary Hypothyroidism

  50. Goiter

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