Terminology

1. Variation-different individuals in a population have different characteristics Heritable characteristics- the variation in characteristics that can be inherited by offspring Fitness-the ability to survive and produce offspring which are capable of reproducing Adaptation- a characteristic that increases an individual’s fitness Evolution by Natural Selection-heritable adaptive characteristics become more common in a population over many generations Terminology

2. What is Evolution?

3. Simply put: all of the changes that have transformed life over an immense timeA biological history of life on Earth!

4. Phylogenic Tree All life on Earth is united by evolutionary history; we are all evolutionary cousins — twigs on the tree of life. Phylogenetic Systematics is the formal name for the field within biology that reconstructs evolutionary history and studies the patterns of relationships among organisms.

5. Terms to discuss before we start: Speciation Speciation- formation of a new species through evolution Adaptation Adaptation- a feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment Fitness Fitness- measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring (compared to other members in the population in the same environment)

6. A little history… • Pretend you are living in the 1600s. Think about the technology that is available. How much do you know/understand about the world around you? • Theories moving through your village: • Species are fixed and permanent. They do not change. • Earth is less than 10,000 years old and hasn’t changed much.

7. What is this? A fossil? Hmmm… • Mid 1700s: Georges Buffon studies fossils • “I think Earth is older than 10,000 years…” • “These fossils resemble animals that are alive today…but they aren’t exactly the same…” • Early 1800s: Jean Baptist Lamarck • “I think I know why… • …life evolves (or changes). • Species are not permanent. They adapt.

8. Jean Baptiste Lamarck • 1744-1829 • The Principle of Use and Disuse: • New structures developed in an • organism during the course of • evolution because they were • needed and unused structures • were lost. • Inheritance of Acquired • Characteristics: • Characteristics gained during a lifetime were passed onto offspring. • What is wrong with this theory?

9. CHARLES DARWIN(1809-1882) • Sailed on the H.M.S Beagle- spent 5 years collecting data • Extensive research on the Galapagos Islands (particularly with finches) • Theory of Natural Selection • Wrote The Origin of Species

10. Well-known geologist: proposed that gradual and observable geologic processes (erosion) can explain Earth’s physical features Lyell's work formed the foundation of belief in a universe billions of years old. His work heavily influenced Charles Darwin. Darwin's concept of gradual evolution lacked an acceptable time frame until he embraced Lyell's old-earth theories. Sir Charles Lyell 1797 -1875

11. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Charles Darwin credits Thomas Malthus in formulating his theory of Natural Selection. Malthus said: populations can grow much faster than the rate at which supplies of food and other resources can be produced.

12. DARWIN’S THEORY 2 main points: • Descent with Modification -Species of organisms living on Earth today descended from ancestral species = diversity of life! http://homestudy.ihea.com/wildlifeID/043jackrabbit.htm http://www.animalspot.net/snowshoe-hare.html

13. DARWIN’S THEORY continued… 2. Natural Selection - in an environment, some individuals with inherited characteristics are better suited to the environment and leave more offspring = “most fit” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppered_moth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppered_moth

14. Example of natural selection: 2 color beetles: green & brown Green beetles are eaten by birds more often because they are visible in the dirt. Brown reproduce and thrive, green goes extinct.

15. Natural Selection Principles: 1. Genetic variation exists among individuals. 2. Reproductive ability of species causes populations to increase. 3. Organisms compete for resources. 4. Offspring with most favorable traits most likely to survive.

16. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION • Geologic record • Fossils • Comparative anatomy (homologous vs. analogous) • Vestigial structures • Comparative Embryology • Comparative Cytology • Macromolecules

17. Geological Record: Through radioactive dating the oldest rocks in the earth’s crust, the age of the earth is 4.5 – 5 billion years old. http://video.pbs.org/video/1978170520/ Fossils: Traces of once living organisms. Fossils found in the upper strata of sedimentary rock are younger than those Found in the lower strata In Rock

18. Top 15 Clones http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJ9Syd3GqQc In Ice http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZ7f-C83X2Y In Amber Petrifaction 

19. Comparative Anatomy: Homologous Structures Same structure, different function Evidence that these organisms evolved from the same ancestor Human Cat Whale Bat

20. Analogous Structures different structure BUT same function Butterfly Wing Bat Wing Both fly, but did NOT evolve from same ancestor

21. Vestigial Structures: Structures in an organism through evolution have been lost or reduced in size because they were no longer necessary trait for survival.

22. Comparative Embryology Comparative Cytology Comparative Biochemistry- The chemical composition of insulin Found in sheep is almost identical to the insulin found in humans. Evidence of common ancestry.

23. Embryology • Same group of embryonic cells develop in same order and in similar patterns in all vertebrates. • Tail, pharyngeal pouches, buds

24. Macromolecules • DNA base sequence similarities • The more similar the biochemistry, the more closely related the organisms are. • Human and chimp hemoglobin differs by one amino acid.

25. Patterns of Evolution -Coevolution -Convergent Evolution -Divergent Evolution

26. Coevolution Change of 2 or more species evolve in response to changes in each other- dependent on each other = selective pressures • Predators and prey • Parasites and hosts • Plants and pollinators EXAMPLE: hummingbird feeds on nectar of flower, slender beak, pollen gets stuck on birds face: flowers are light in color, fruity odor **Find another example of coevolution. Be specific in the organisms you list.

27. Convergent Evolution • Evolve similar traits, but are not related; when environment selects similar phenotypes Example: • sharks and porpoises - not related, but look similar **Would convergent evolution result in homologous structure or analogous structures? Explain.

28. Divergent Evolution • Closely related species evolve in different directions, become increasingly different • (may end up in new species) • Geographic isolation • Reproductive isolation (i.e Galapagos finches) • Adaptive radiation • Artificial selection (i.e. domestic dogs)

29. All members of the species Brassica oleracea

31. Same species? Spilogale putorius Spilogale gracilis

32. What is a “species”? • Population, or group of populations, whose members have the ability to breed with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring

33. Microevolution Evolution involving small-scale changes, Generation  Generation changes i.e. within the species level, occurring over a short period of time that results in the formation of new subspecies.

34. Macroevolution A process thought to produce relatively large (macro) evolutionary change within biological organisms. Over long periods of time. Can’t be observed directly. Evident in the fossil record. New species. Extinction. Evolution of features.

35. New species = More diversity • What is biodiversity? • Why is biodiversity important?

37. Geographic Isolation A body of water or mountain range separates a population of a species resulting in evolution of new species.

38. Reproductive Isolation Some sort of barrier that keeps two species from interbreeding. -Timing (i.e. different mating seasons) -Behavior (i.e. courtship behaviors) -Habitat (i.e. lake bottom vs. surface) -Other (i.e. incompatible reproductive structures; producing infertile offspring)

39. Adaptive Radiation Species adapt to different environments and result in diverse separate species -Hawaiian Islands are a good example - about 4,000 km from nearest continent -each island is physically diverse - due to differences in altitudes and rainfall -there are many native species there that are found nowhere else in the world Asio flammeus sandwichensis Lasiurus cinereus semotus

40. Artificial selection • Breeders developing many varieties of domesticated animals in a few generations • Plant varieties, such as kale and broccoli, developed from wild cabbage

41. Artificial selection in chickens: “Big Bird”

42. Artificial selection in Brassicaoleracea

43. Antibiotic Resistance

45. Molecular biology Biochemical pathways Genetics:Did humans evolve…..?????? Microbiology: TB and antibiotic resistance…….

47. Artificial Selection Activity1. Use the stick worm activity to write your own description of Natural Selection to show me that you understand how variation, adaptation, selective forces and reproduction play a role in natural selection and thus evolution.2.  Write a paragraph describing how artificial selection supports the theory of evolution. Be sure to use and underline the VIST Terms (variation, inheritance, selection, time) in explanation. 3.  Provide 3 examples of how artificial selection was used (at least 1 plant and 1 animal) to create a current product you use/consume or see in every day life.  Do these selected organisms have economical advantage? Support with evidence.4. In your own words write a concise definition for evolution.