PERIODIZATION: 1914 - PRESENT

1. PERIODIZATION:1914 - PRESENT CONTINUITIES AND CHANGES IN THE PERIOD

2. CONTINUITIES, BREAKS • 1914 – 1939 and 1939 - 1945 • 30 Year World War • Nationalism triumphant • Western Europe at peak, beginning of challenge • 1945 – 1989 • Bipolar World of US, USSR • Decolonization, Internationalism • Globalization, Consumerism • 1989 – Present • Multi-polar world • Decreased emphasis on ideologies • The universal or global village? • Rise of fundamentalism (reaction)

3. GREAT TRANSFORMATION • Prior to the 20th Century • Completed • In Western Europe • In the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand • In Japan • Beginning but not completed • In Russia • In Eastern and Southern Europe • In the 20th Century • Completed • In Eastern Europe, Latin America • In East Asia (China, Korea, Vietnam) • In Parts of Southeast Asia • In India, Central Asia including Mongolia • In Turkey, Israel and a few SW Asian, North African nations • In a few African nations such as South Africa • Beginning but not completed • In Most of Africa • In Most of the Muslim world

4. TRADITION • Challenged by • Modernism • Industrialization • Consumerism • Secularization • Westernization • Often unable to compete, survive

5. TRADITIONAL ECONOMIES • Produce within a small community • General uniformity of tasks, opportunities • Change is slow and distrusted • Generally autarkic • Decisions based on tradition, elders, past • Low, few or little • Surplus • Technology • Capital • Labor intensive • Much land, resources held in common • Production = consumption • Minimal trade

6. MARKET ECONOMY • Specialization • Technology intensive • Use artificial power • Produce surpluses • Profits are strongest motivation • Dominated by credit, monetary institutions • Trade critical • Supply and demand determine price, availability • Labor bought and sold as a factor • Products bought not produced by individual labor • Highly mechanized, technologized

7. CONSUMERISM • Workers • Paid in wages, creating demand • Workers need, creating supply • Clothing, Housing, Food, Medicine • Luxuries, Entertainment, Transportation • Workers acquired free time • Mass manufacture of consumer goods • Mass marketing of elite culture

8. URBANIZATION • Focus of transformation is the city • Most industries, opportunities located in cities • To grow large, cities need • Steel to build up • Rail to transport around, bring in food • Mass power to support life • Cities grow • Urban areas • Metropolitan areas • Suburbs • Megapolis • Conurbations

9. SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS • Community or Society • Community is small and personal; villages and traditions • Society is large and held together by permanent large institutions • Lifestyle changes • Extended families tended to be norm at start • Families tend to become nuclear • Families tend to be fragmented, not contiguous • Women tend to become workers • Women often acquire rights, powers in society • Workers tend to become more educated • Childhood lengthened, adulthood delayed • Universal education is expanded • Pace of life much accelerated • Temporary relationships become common • Change becomes frequent

10. MASS POLITICS • Expansion of electorate • Universal male suffrage • Universal female suffrage • Enfranchisement of minorities • Politics • Is seen as marketplace of ideas • Competition and compromise to obtain change • Rise of political parties • Parties become common, open to all • Parties represent diverse factions • People vote their interests • Modern technology creates mass politics • Age of Information leads to competition of ideas • Rise of ideologies • Parties compete for voters • Modern technology allows for mass control • Rise of totalitarian ideologies • Rise of single party dictatorships

11. BUREAUCRATIZATION • Power of the state • State minimally intrusive prior to 19th century • Generally confined to politics, military, law • Expands massively into • Social areas and concerns • Economics, Industry, Commerce • Rolls created by war, increased technology • Bureaucrats • Become new social elites • Regulate all aspects of public life • Oversees expanding roll of government

12. SECULARIZATION • Process begun by Enlightenment • Idea of progress, reform, perfectibility • Notion of natural law, science • Religion is a personal matter not public concern • Science • Knowledge applied • Technology accelerates, achieves almost utopian world • Scientist replaces clergyman • Clergy explains by faith • Scientist explains by experimentation, proof • God diminished as irrational, unprovable • Separation of church and state • Humanism • Human (civil) law replaces God’s law • Human concerns, understandings dominate society • Rise of ideology to replace theology • Conflict between fundamentalism and humanism

13. DECOLONIZATIONDEMOCRATIZATION • Breakup of Western Empires • World War I challenged western control • Depression loosened links to mother countries • World War II destroyed Western invincibility • Democracy, US begin to insist up independence • Political vs. Social, Economics Decolonization • Self-Determination and Democratization • Wilson’s 14 Points, FDR and US model • UN Declaration of Human Rights

14. GLOBALIZATION • Began with imperialism, colonies • Expanded due to industrialization, trade • Necessary for market economy, free trade • Made possible by mass communication • Telephone, telegraph, television • Airplane, steam vessel • Computer, Internet, instant communication • Made unavoidable by economic specialization • Fostered by “universalizing agents” • Mass entertainment and culture • Immigration and migration for work • Mass religion

15. DEMOGRAPHICS • How much population is too much? • Control factors • Birth rate • Death rate • Life span • Phases • I: Prior to 1450 (World) • High Birth, High Death • Slow population growth • II: Europe 16-18th Centuries • High Birth rate, declining death rate • Population increase • III: Europe, US, Canada: 19th century; world 20th century • High Birth rate, low death rate, longer life span • Population explosion • IV: Europe, US, Japan late 20th century • Low Birth Rate, Low Death Rate • Declining Population

16. ENVIRONMENT • 1750 – 1914 Saw European, parts of American areas effected • 20th Century has seen effects spread throughout the world • 20th Century has been an environmental disaster • Examples • Overpopulation and massive megapolis • Deforestation especially of tropical zones • Desertification has increased due to overgrazing, overfarming • Overfishing of rich areas had reduced catches to extremely low areas • Hunting of whales and sharks to near extinction • Overgrazing of fragile zones • Mass extinctions of animals • Settlement of fragile zones (tide waters, coastal zones) • Overuse of aquifers • Pollution of the Arctic, Antarctic • Environmental pollutants (fertilizers, radioactive ores) have made areas unlivable • Reduction of habitats and zones in transition to farming, logging • Pollution • Water • Air • Land