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Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

Introduction to the Animal Kingdom. Biology 20. Which of these are animals?. Answer: They ALL are!. Characteristics of Animals. Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Lack cell walls Evolved to live in many different habitats. Animal Features. Feeding.

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Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

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  1. Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Biology 20

  2. Which of these are animals?

  3. Answer: They ALL are!

  4. Characteristics of Animals • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophic • Lack cell walls • Evolved to live in many different habitats

  5. Animal Features

  6. Feeding • All are heterotrophic and must digest their food (and excrete waste too!) • Very diverse in how they eat, digest, and excrete • Herbivore = eats plants • Carnivore = eats animals • Omnivore = eats plants and animals • Detritivore = feed on decaying organic material • Filter Feeders = aquatic animals that strain food from water • Parasite = lives in or on another organism

  7. Respiration and Circulation • All take in oxygen and circulate it to their tissues (and give off carbon dioxide!) • How they do this is very diverse: very small animals rely on diffusion while larger animals have a circulatory system • Simple diffusion • Through skin • Lungs • Gills

  8. Movement • Most animals have a body form that can move at some stage in its development • The evolution of nerve and muscle tissue lets animals move faster than organisms in any other kingdom

  9. Support • Animals support their bodies in different ways • 95% of animals are invertebrates (without a backbone) • Many are covered with exoskeleton (tough outer covering that provides support and protects internal tissues) • Some have internal skeletons called endoskeleton • 5% of animals are vertebrates (with a backbone) • Have an endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate, cartilage, bone

  10. Sexual Reproduction • Most animals reproduce sexually • Male animals produce sperm and female animals produce eggs • Hermaphrodites produce both sperm and eggs in the same body

  11. Sexual Reproduction • Fertilization occurs when the sperm penetrates the egg to form a fertilized egg called the zygote • Internal fertilization occurs when the sperm and egg combine inside the body • External fertilization occurs when the sperm and egg combine outside the body (i.e. in water)

  12. Asexual Reproduction • To increase their populations rapidly, some animals can reproduce asexually • They do so using one or more methods • Budding • Fragmentation • Regeneration (new growth from a lost body part if the body part contains enough genetic information)

  13. Early Development • Animals begin life as a zygote (fertilized egg) • The cells in the zygote divide to form the blastula - a hollow ball of cells

  14. Tissue Development • The blastula pinches inward to form three germ layers. This stage forms what is called the gastrula. • Inner layer is the endoderm which develops into the digestive organs and tract Gastrula

  15. Tissue Development • Outer layer is the ectoderm which become the nervous tissue and skin • Middle layer is the mesoderm which develops into muscle tissue and the circulatory, excretory, and respiratory systems

  16. Body Plan • Asymmetry - no pattern (corals, sponges) • Radial Symmetry - shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish) • Bilateral Symmetry - right and left sides (humans, insects, cats)

  17. Identify the Symmetry

  18. Body Plan • Animals with bilateral symmetry also have an anterior (head end) and a posterior (tail end) • This body plan is called cephalization - an anterior concentration of sense organs • The more complex the animal becomes the more pronounced their cephalization

  19. Body Plan • Animals with bilateral symmetry also have a dorsal surface (backside) and a ventral surface (underside or belly)

  20. Body Cavities • Animals with bilateral symmetry have a gut, which is a sac inside the body or a tube that runs through the body, where food is digested • A sac-like gut has one opening – a mouth – for taking in food and disposing of wastes • A tube-like gut has openings at both ends – mouth and anus – and is a complete digestive system

  21. Body Cavities • Between the gut and the outside body wall of most animals is a fluid-filled body cavity. • Two types: • coelom(SEE lum) is a fluid-filled body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm • psuedocoelom is a fluid-filled cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm • An animal with a solid body that lacks a fluid-filled body cavity is called an acoelomate.

  22. Segmentation • Advanced animals have body segments • Even humans are segmented (look at the ribs and spine)!

  23. Types of Animals & Evolutionary Milestones

  24. Phylum Porifera(sponges) - multicellularity Phylum Cnidaria(sea anemones, jellyfish, hydra) - tissues

  25. Free-living Planarian Parasitic Tapeworm Phylum Platyhelminthes(flatworms) – bilateral symmetry

  26. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) - pseudocoelom Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) - segmentation

  27. Phylum Mollusca(clams, squid, snails) - coelom

  28. Phylum Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects) – jointed appendages This is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom and contains the most number of species

  29. Phylum Echinodermata (starfish) – mouth and anus

  30. Phylum Chordata(vertebrates) – spinal cord

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