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History of the Middle East

History of the Middle East. Mr. Apt Sandy Run Middle School 8 th Grade Social Studies. Origin of the Term Middle East:. Coined by British and American explorers in 19 th Century to describe lands between Arabia and India Later used to describe all “Arab” lands during the 20 th Century.

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History of the Middle East

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  1. History of the Middle East Mr. Apt Sandy Run Middle School 8th Grade Social Studies

  2. Origin of the Term Middle East: • Coined by British and American explorers in 19th Century to describe lands between Arabia and India • Later used to describe all “Arab” lands during the 20th Century.

  3. Resources Available • Stone and Sand • Water from rivers provided fertile land in a desert landscape • Wild life provided food and wealth. Animals would also be used in war. • Walled Cities • Polytheistic societies: Multiple G-ds controlling different aspects of daily life.

  4. Topography • Mostly desert, often Mountainous • Very hot summers, very little rainfall. • Flooding of nearby rivers provided most of water. • Only land based trade route between Europe, Africa, and Asia

  5. Innovation • Farming and Irrigation techniques improved due to scarcity of water • Used topography to their advantage • Cities on Mountains, Valleys, or by Rivers and Seas. • Created large militaries to conquer other civilizations, and incorporate them into their own.

  6. Mesopotamia and Egypt • Two Oldest Civilizations in the Region. • Both Date back to 10,000 B.C.E • Both centered around rivers: Tigris and Euphrates, and the Nile. • Two Empires: • Egypt under Pharaohs: 3150 B.CE- 332 B.C.E • Babylonia: 1894 B.C.E-332 B.C.E

  7. Kingdom of Judea • Land on coast of Mediterranean: • Important trade route from Egypt to Persia. • Mountainous and Fertile: • Geographically considered to be the center of the Ancient World, connecting three continents. • Inhabited by tribal cultures, and ultimately dominated by monotheism.

  8. Rise of Monotheism • First Monotheistic City state in Jerusalem roughly 1000 B.C.E under kingdom of Judea. • Judea falls to Babylon in 586 B.C.E • Babylon conquered by Persia in 539 B.C.E • Babylon-Persia conquered by Macedonians in 332 B.C.E

  9. Alexander the Great • Brought Hellenistic Culture to the Middle East from Greece and Macedonia. • Hellenism ultimately overruns Egyptian and Persian polytheism. • Monotheism considered illicit, and allowed to practice freely. • Divides the Middle East under two generals, Ptolemy and Seleucid.

  10. The Roman Empire • Middle East occupied by Romans in 1st Century B. C.E • Roman architecture found in Egypt, most of modern day Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Turkey. • Christianity founded in 1st Century C.E. (2nd Branch of Monotheism) • Christianity spreads to Europe in 4th Century C.E.

  11. Discussion Questions • What role did the availability of water play in the development of Middle Eastern civilizations? • Why do you think Europeans were so interested in the area? • How do you think European intervention affected the development of these areas? Are those effects still demonstrated today? Why

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