Session on Migration and Development

1. Session on Migration and Development ► What reasons does migration have? (legal and illegal migration) ► Migration impacts (+/-) from the point of view of destination and origin countries

2. Outline • migration as a phenomenon • trends • indicators • dominant migration patterns (determinants, types) • reasons • impacts • examples • economic, political and demographic effects

3. Trends • trends instead of facts • technical and communication revolution doubled migration, but also the population(remains at around 3% of the total pop.) • forms of migration vary greatly • migration becomes larger in scope and scale (more complex) • 60% in the more prosperous and 40% in the developing regions • feminization of migration (50% of the total) • migration as a response to ongoing demographic and social changes (increasing flow of goods, capital, services, information) • growing economic disparites

4. Trends (example) • transformation of transnational migration patterns (i.g. Eastern Europe in the last two decades) • aspirations: ethnic-/political  economical • legal aspects of migrants:legalization in the EU • forms: dominant long-term  multiple forms(short-term, circular migration) • ways: smugglers / traffickers  family ties / networks • country status: sending-  receiving countries (or mixed)

5. capital knowledge preferences identity (socialization) motivation opportunities institutional infrastructures, rules and norms political willingness cultural settings Indicators migrants society sending/receiving country migration

6. Main determinants limited jobs available unflexible infrastructure (education, health, services) low wages, poverty, widening economic disparities sending country receiving country job opportunities (urban areas) demand in certain sectors higher wages stable infrastructures human rights stability: religious freedom, freedom of speech cultural proximity historical relations prestige economical development disruption low level of human security: corruption,authoritarianism, human rights violations, persecution, armed conflict, violence political family ties global networks socio-cultural

7. Dominant types • work • short/long-term • high-/low-skilled • legal/illegal economical • asylum • asylum seekers • refugees • education • professional training • school/university • family • reunion • foundation political • others • diplomats • military… socio-cultural

8. Impacts(economic) sending country receiving country • migration creates winners and losers in both nations • both nations gain from the movement of labor, due to efficient allocation of production factors • cooperation makes significant contributions to promote development • general relief of the national job market through emigration • curbes unemployment • gives incentives for economic development (remittances) • opens gaps in the high-/middle skilled sector (brain drain) • small or no impacts on the national job market and unemployment (due to restrictions of labor inflow) • migrants are rather complementary than substitutes • increases economic efficiency • rises social costs • pressures on the low-skilled sector Source: Boeri/Brücker (2004), Baldwin/Wyplosz (2004).

9. Impacts (political) sending country receiving country • migration is politically very explosive • tight restrictions do not hinder migration, but good politics • governments want to remain the principle policy actors • expanding opportunities • need for a sustainable government • combating trafficking • improve the governance of migration • highly controversial issue • restrictions determine the flow of migration • infrastructures for participation(integrative, assimilatory) • spill-over effects of politics(securitization, tight restrictions) • ideologically employed to legitimate politics Source: Massey (1999), Baldwin/Wyplosz (2004).

10. Impacts (demographic) • rapid population growth (increasing almost six times as fast) in the developing countries vs. • declining and ageing population (current annual rate of growth is less than 0.3 per cent) in the developed countries • sustained low fertility in developed countries produces a rapidly ageing population • migrants filling demographical gaps

11. Literature - End Boeri, Tito/ Brücker, Herbert (2005): Migration, Co-ordination Failures and EU-Enlargement. IZA Discussion Paper Nr. 1600. Online unter: http://www.iab.de/asp/internet/publikationenByMit.asp?Mitarbeiter=455. [Stand: 30.11.2006]. Brücker, Herbert (2003): „Die Arbeitsmarkteffekte der Ost-West-Migration: Theoretische Überlegungen. Simulationen und empirische Befunde“. In: DIW Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 72, Heft 4: 579-593. Massey, Douglas S. (1999). Worlds in Motion: International Migration at the End of the Millennium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brücker, Herbert (2004): „EU-Osterweiterung: Effekte der Migration“. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 71, Nr. 17: 223-228.  Baldwin, Richard/ Wyplosz,Charles (2004): The Economics of European Integration. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill: 190-196. www.uis.unesco.org // www.oecd.org // www.ec.europa.eu. Thank you for your attention! gosija@o2.plGosia maja_stolle@yahoo.de Maja