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Rabi Strategy – Increasing productivity of Wheat Region wise Recommendations

National Conference on Agriculture for Rabi Campaign September 17, 2010. Rabi Strategy – Increasing productivity of Wheat Region wise Recommendations. SS Singh Project Director DWR, Karnal. Wheat in India. Second most important winter cereal after rice.

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Rabi Strategy – Increasing productivity of Wheat Region wise Recommendations

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  1. National Conference on Agriculture for Rabi Campaign September 17, 2010 Rabi Strategy – Increasing productivity of Wheat Region wise Recommendations SS Singh Project Director DWR, Karnal

  2. Wheat in India • Second most important winter cereal after rice. • Bread wheat contributes approximately 95% to total production • Remaining 4% from durum wheat and 1% from Dicoccum

  3. Top 10 wheat producers (2009-10) Global Wheat Scenario 2nd largest producer in the world next to China from last 10 years

  4. The Production Scenario In last 25 yrs, moderate growth rate of 2.27 %. Growth rate since 2000-01 is 1.77%. Growth rate (2006-07 to 2009-10) Area – 1.57 % Production – 3.67% Productivity – 1.75%

  5. Wheat Growing Zones

  6. Productivity of wheat growing states (q/ha)

  7. The yield gaps…. Zonal (q/ha) WFLD – Regional yield

  8. Wheat Targets - 2030 AD 90.0 m tons of wheat to feed our population by the year 2030 A.D.

  9. National Wheat ProgrammeDWR and AICW&BIP • DWR – nodal centre of wheat & barley research • Regional Stations • Flowerdale, Shimla • Dalang Maidan (>10,000’) • 46 Scientists (56– sanctioned strength) presently at DWR • Breeding - 11 • Cytogenetics – 02 • Economic Botany - 01 • Biotechnology – 5 • Crop Protection – 10 • Quality – 04 • Plant Physiology-01 (on deputation) • Resource Mgmt – 07 • Social Sc. – 03 • Statistics - 02 • 107 scientists from 31 funded centers • 123 non-funded cooperating centers • National coordination: rice-wheat cropping system

  10. AICW&BIP Network: Funded centers

  11. Indian Wheat Programme: Significant Achievements • 373 wheat varieties released in the country since 1965 • 122 genetic stocks for various traits • Advanced production technologies with Conservation Agriculture • No epidemic since last 4 decades due to advanced protection strategies • Germplasm enrichment and sharing across the country • Infrastructure created to produce breeder seed to the tune of 30,000q • Quality parameters standardized for specific products • Strengthened the wheat research with partner countries for global food security • Developed international linkages for wheat & barley research

  12. Constraints in wheat production Yield plateau in north western parts Biotic stresses • Rusts • Stripe, Leaf & Stem • Leaf Blight • Karnal bunt • Powdery mildew • Aphids and termites • Weeds • Broad and narrow leaved • Other constraints • Availability of essential inputs for timely sowing • Improved seed (More problem in J&K, HP, Rajasthan) • Fertilizer availability (its availability in required quantity and at initial and growth stage, is critical. • Irrigation water (Timely availability of optimum quantity) • Use of Farm machinery • Infrastructure • Roads • Storage • Market • Extension facilities • Farmers need more awareness of new improved varieties and production technologies • Faster extension activities • Abiotic stresses • Drought • Heat • Early as well as terminal • Suppressive soils/Soil health • Salinity, alkalinity • Nutrient deficient soils • Waterlogging

  13. Major Issues : Wheat Improvement • Breaking yield barriers • Broadening of genetic base of varieties - pre-breeding • Through use of winter x spring hybridization • Use of germplasm from the centre of origin (ICARDA), Chinese germplasm • New plant type approach • Use of alien species for biotic and abiotic stresses • Exploitation of heterosis for developing hybrids • Based on CMS system • Biotechnological interventions • Gene pyramiding • Marker aided selection for biotic, abiotic and quality traits • Structural and functional genomics • Abiotic Stresses –climate change • Heat and drought • Salt stress • Waterlogging

  14. New wheat varieties released (2009-10)

  15. Wheat genetic stocks registered in 2009-10

  16. Breeder seed production 2009-10 • Against an indent of 30968 q of breeder seed, the production was of 35049 q. • 144varieties in seed chain out of which Lok 1, PBW 343 and PBW 502 were the varieties with highest seed production.

  17. Major Issues : Crop Protection • Survey and surveillance for monitoring diseases and insect-pest • IPM in wheat specially to manage the diseases like KB, PM, LS and insects like foliar & root aphids, termites, root nematodes • Managing new emerging threats • stem rust (Ug99), • leaf rust (77-5, 77-10, 104-2) • stripe rust (78S84, 46S119) • Foliar blight • Fusarium head blight (FHB) • Monitoring dynamics of diseases and insect pest situation in new RCTs and in view of changing climate contd…

  18. Rust diseases in Wheat Stem /black Leaf /brown Stripe /yellow All Zones NWPZ &NHZ CZ, PZ & SHZ

  19. Puccinia Path in India

  20. Monitoring Yellow RustArea (Encircled) Intensively Surveyed Every Year

  21. Monitoring of Wheat Rusts in NWPZ during 2009-10

  22. Crop health scenario – based on survey and surveillance • Disease free crop year. • Ug99 was not detected from any place in India. Dominant Pathotypes of Rusts • Most frequent yellow rust pathotypes • 78S84 & 46S119 • Most prevalent pathotypes of leaf rust • 121R63-1 (77-5), 21R55 (104-2), 21R63 (104-3) & 125R28-1 (77-11)

  23. Yellow Rust Epidemics in Neighboring Countries

  24. Targeting Ug99, a new virulence of stem rust • Ug99 or TTKSK virulent on Sr31 was first time detected in February 1999 in Uganda, East Africa • Kenya in 2000 • Ethiopia in 2001 • Migrated to Sudan, Yemen in 2006 and Iran in 2007 • Resistance genes effective against Ug99 • Sr28, 29 and Tmp from Triticum aestivum • Sr2 and 13 from T. turgidum • Sr3, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, R and 1A/1R from related species Two Ug99 variants carrying separate virulences for Sr24 and 36 have also been identified in 2008.

  25. Screening of Indian Wheat Material in Kenya ICAR-BGRI Collaboration • Resistance to Ug99 (2009 results) • 40 released varieties • 22 in seed chain at present • 21 Genetic Stocks

  26. Major Issues : Resource Management • Resource Conservation Technologies • Sustaining wheat production & soil health • Residue management • Diversification /intensification of RWCS • Farm profitability under rice-wheat system • Integrated Nutrient Management • Balanced use of fertilizers • Conjunctive use of inorganic & organic fertilizers • Correcting micro-nutrient deficiencies • improving C/N ratio • Integrated Water Management for increasing WUE • Water harvesting (storage of rain water) • Genotypes with less water requirement • Integrated Weed Management • Herbicide resistance • Weed dynamics • Farm Machineries • Fine tuning

  27. Frontline demonstrations • 805 WFLDs conducted through 103 coordinating centers, covering 819.87 ha area of 1753 farmers in 18 states. • The maximum number of WFLDs were conducted in UP (115) followed by Haryana (92), Bihar (79), Punjab (61), Rajasthan (54) and Jharkhand (50)

  28. New Initiative since 2009-10Strategies for enhanced wheat production

  29. July 28, 2009 at DWR, Karnal • Chairman : Dr. SN Shukla, ADG (FFC), ICAR • October 8, 2009 at Kanpur • Chairman : Dr. SN Shukla, ADG (FFC), ICAR • August 14, 2010 at DWR, Karnal • Chairman : Sh. PK Basu, Secretary (A&C), MoA, GOI • Participants • Director Agriculture of the states / representatives • Representative from NSC • Scientific staff of the DWR • Farmers’ representatives

  30. Major issues • Yellow rust in PBW 343 and strategies for faster replacement. • Sowing time of wheat • Need of short duration varieties for restricted irrigation • Varieties for rainfed areas of Uttaranchal and J&K • Imbalanced use of fertilizers • Unavailability of quality seeds • Water scarcity due to drought conditions. • Problem of salinity and • Shift in land use from agriculture to constructions. The state-wise strategy plan was discussed and recommendations were made.

  31. Major Follow Up in 2009-10 • Varietal replacement of PBW 343 with DBW 17 & PBW 550 • Use of tilt for control of diseases specially rust Impact • Disease free crop year • Enhanced production

  32. Region wise Recommendations for Increased wheat productivity

  33. Varietal Preference

  34. Varietal Preference

  35. Varietal Preference

  36. Varietal replacement • Replacement of yellow rust susceptible varieties PBW 343, PBW 502 and HD 2687 with DBW 17, PBW 550 & WH 542. • Under late sown conditions (late basmati-wheat, potato-wheat and sugarcane-wheat) • PBW 373 should be replaced with DBW 16, WH 1021, PBW 590, Raj 3765 as PBW 373 has become susceptible to brown rust

  37. Varietal replacement Eastern UP, Bihar • Under TSI conditions, varieties like HD 2733, HD 2824, PBW 443, HUW 468 needs to be promoted and breeder seed production of varieties like UP 262 and HUW 234 should be curtailed. • Under LSI conditions, varieties like DBW 14, NW 2036, HW 2045, NW 1014, K 8962 and HD 2643 should be promoted. Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Gujarat and Kota region • Lok 1 is still a reigning variety which needs replacement. • Under TSI, GW 322, GW 273 while under LSI cnditions HD 2864, MP 4010, DL 788-2 requires promotion. • For durums HI 8498 and HI 8381 are the best varieties for the area. • As these states have a sizeable area under rainfed or limited irrigation • HI 1531, HI 1500 of bread wheat and HD 4672 and HD 8627 for durum should be promoted while WH 147 should be phased out.

  38. Varietal replacement Maharashtra, Karnataka • For TSI conditions GW 322, RAJ 4037, NIAW 917, DWR 162 and MACS 2496 for bread wheat and MACS 2846 for durum • LSI sown conditions: PBW 533, HD 2833 and NIAW 34 • Rainfed conditions: HD 2781, K 9644 for bread wheat and AKDW 2997-16 for durum. Non-traditional wheat growing area - Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal and plains of N.E. States; some parts of the plains of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh • Due to early onset of rains and to avoid pre-harvest sprouting, these areas require short duration wheat varieties like DBW 14, NW 2036, HW 2045. variety DBW 14 has shown promise in Jharkhand and Assam • For plains of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh – a state release variety, CoW(W)-1 has been showing promise.

  39. Plant Protection Measures • Replace with new resistant varieties for rust resistance • Spray the crop (susceptible varieties only) with propiconazole 25 EC (Tilt 25 EC) @ 0.1% at yellow rust initiation. This spray will also help in control of powdery mildew and Karnal bunt diseases. • Seed treatment with T. viride @ 4 g / Kg seed in combination with carboxin 75 WP (Vitavax 75 WP) @ 1.25 g / Kg seed or tebuconazole 2 DS (Raxil 2 DS) @ 1.0 g / Kg seed. For managing cereal cyst nematode (CCN) in dry belt of northern Rajasthan CCN resistant wheat variety - Raj MR-1 Barley varieties - RD 2035 and RD 2052.

  40. Resource Management Sowing time The average temperature at sowing : around 23±10C Timely sown : 5th to11th Nov. ;Late sown : 10th to 16th Dec. Seed Rate: timely sown conditions : 100 kg/ha late and rainfed conditions : 125 Kg/ha (increased by 25%) • Sowing methods: • In lines using fertilizers-cum-seed drills and discourage broadcast sowing • Row to row spacing : 23cm (timely sown) and 18 cm (late sown) • Seeding depth : around 4-5 cm. • Zero till and rotary till drill can be used for economising cost of cultivation. • Use of rotary tiller followed by broadcasting of seed and fertilizer causes the lodging problem leading to reduced yields. Thus, Rotary tiller having drilling mechanism for seed and fertilizer should only be used.

  41. Nutrient management • Use of recommended doses of the fertilizers (NPK) • Nitrogen use efficiency is more when fertilizer is placed by drill • 1/3rd N application at sowing and 2/3rd at first node stage. • Supplementing inorganic fertilization (NPK) with Zn and FYM increases the wheat yield. • Application of K is necessary. • Micronutrient deficiency appears under light soils under intensive cropping especially in rice-wheat cropping system. • In sulfur deficient soils, SSP, Cosavet -90 WDG (10 kg/ha) or gypsum (250 kg/ha) can be applied. : increasing yield and protein content. • Zinc sulphate should be applied @ 25kg/ha once in rice-wheat system or 2-3 foliar spray of 0.5% zinc sulphate (21% zinc) at 15DI • In Mn deficient soil, spray 0.5% managanese sulphate solution 2-4 days before first irrigation and two to three sprays afterwards at weekly intervals on clear sunny day.

  42. Nutrient management NWPZ & NEPZ NHZ, CZ, PZ & SHZ

  43. Weed management • Sulfosulfuron / pendimethalin • both grassy and non-grassy weeds • Clodinafop / fenoxaprop / pinoxaden • specific to grasses. • Sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron or isoproturon +2,4-D / metsulfuron • Complex weed flora • Grass herbicides (clodinafop, fenoxaprop, pinoxaden) should not be tank mixed with either 2,4-D or metsulfuron and to avoid antagonism the grass and broad-leaved herbicides should be applied sequentially. • Pinoxaden can also be used in barley for grassy weed control.

  44. Short term strategies for states of Punjab and Haryana Improving soil health – RWCS: high pressure on land resulting in decline in total factor productivity. • Addition of organic matter to soil through green manuring, crop residue recycling, balanced fertilisation and integrated nutrient management. • Diversification/intensification of RWCS by including pulse crops • Minimum soil disturbance with residue retention at the soil surface help in water conservation as well as slow decomposition and thus building up the organic carbon status of the soil – solution to crop residue burning • Correction of micro-nutrient deficiency –Zn, S, Mn • Integrated management for weed control especially Phalaris minor

  45. Short term strategies for other states • Availability of essential inputs for timely sowing – the most important factor • Improved seed (More problem in Eastern UP, Bihar –problem in 60% wheat growing area as seed replacement is very low) – • a bouquet of latest and improved varieties for different production conditions are available – need more breeder seed of recent released varieties • Fertilizer - availability (its availability in required quantity and at initial and growth stage, is critical) and its balanced use • Irrigation water (Timely availability is important) • Farm machinery (Mechanization is on a lower scale in northeastern, central and peninsular parts) • Infrastructure development – roads, storage and market

  46. Long-term strategies for increasing wheat production • Breaking yield barriers • Developing wheat hybrids through CMS approach • Broadening of genetic base of varieties • Through use of winter x spring hybridization • Use of Chinese germplasm • Use of wild species for biotic and abiotic stresses • Biotechnological interventions • Gene pyramiding • Marker aided selection for biotic, abiotic and quality traits • Structural and functions genomics

  47. Long-term strategies for increasing wheat production • Sustainability of rice-wheat system through • Resource conservation technologies • Refinement of machines • Developing tillage specific varieties • Diversification/intensification • Water and nutrient use efficiency • Tackling weeds and pests under new tillage • Residue management • Land leveling through laser leveler • Improving soil health • Increasing carbon content • Correction of micro-nutrient deficiencies/toxicity • Balance use of fertlizers • Organic farming

  48. Long-term strategies for increasing wheat production • Use of agriculturally important micro-organisms • Bio-agents • Biological control of pests and diseases • Integrated pest management • Survey and surveillance for new races • Combating rusts through durable resistance • New race of yellow rust – 78S84 • New race of black rust – Ug99 • Creating effective resistance against leaf blight and Karnal bunt • Newly emerging problems of termites and aphids • Wheat quality improvement • Developing product specific varieties • Increasing protein content, sedimentation value and grain hardness to match international standards • Improving beta carotene and protein content and semolina recovery in durums • Biofortification • Collaboration between research institutions and wheat based industry

  49. Special Recommendations • Phase out of old susceptible cultivars • Checking introduction of varieties in non-recommended areas • Improving storage facility • Incentives for profitable crop production

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