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Molecular Diffusion in Gases

Molecular Diffusion in Gases. Diffusion plus Convection. ). Molecular Diffusion in Gases. Equimolar Counterdiffusion. In terms of mole fraction,. B. A. A. B. Molecular Diffusion in Gases. Uni -component Diffusion.

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Molecular Diffusion in Gases

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  1. Molecular Diffusion in Gases Diffusion plus Convection )

  2. Molecular Diffusion in Gases EquimolarCounterdiffusion In terms of mole fraction, B A A B

  3. Molecular Diffusion in Gases Uni-component Diffusion http://sst-web.tees.ac.uk/external/U0000504/Notes/ProcessPrinciples/Diffusion/Default.htm

  4. Molecular Diffusion in Gases Example Water in the bottom of a narrow metal tune is held a t a constant temperature of 293 K. The total pressure of air (assumed dry) is 1.01325 105 Pa and the temperature is 293 K. Water evaporates and diffuses through the air in the tube, and the diffusion path z2-z1is 0.1524m long. Calculate the rate of evaporation of water vapor at 293 K and 1 atmpressure. The diffusivity of water in air is 0.250 x 10-4m2/s. Assume that the system is isothermal.

  5. Introduction to Mass Transfer II

  6. Outline 3. Molecular Diffusion in Gases Diffusion with Varying Cross-sectional Area • Molecular Diffusion in Liquids • Molecular Diffusion in Solids • Prediction of Diffusivities

  7. Molecular Diffusion in Gases Example: Diffusion through a varying cross-sectional area A sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 2.0 mm is suspended in a large volume of still air at 318 K and 1.01325x105 Pa. The surface temperature of the naphthalene can be assumed to be at 318 K and its vapor pressure at 318 K is 0.555 mm Hg. The DAB of naphthalene in air at 318 K is 6.92x10-6 m2/s. Calculate the rate of evaporation of naphthalene from the surface.

  8. Molecular Diffusion in Gases Given: DAB = 6.92x10-6 m2/s pA1 = (0.555/760)*(101325) = 74.0 Pa pA2 = 0 r1 = 0.002 m * The radius of the sphere decreases slowly with time

  9. Molecular Diffusion in Gases Where Substitution and rearranging,

  10. Molecular Diffusion in Gases The left side of the equation will be

  11. Molecular Diffusion in Gases The right side of the equation will be

  12. Molecular Diffusion in Gases Solving for the rate of evaporation, ANS: 4.9 x 10-9mol/s

  13. Outline 3. Molecular Diffusion in Gases Diffusion with Varying Cross-sectional Area • Molecular Diffusion in Liquids • Molecular Diffusion in Solids • Prediction of Diffusivities

  14. Molecular Diffusion in Liquids Gas Model Gases are made of continuous free space throughout which are distributed moving molecules. For gases, Kinetic theory is well developed http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/chemical_material_behaviour/behaviour_of_matter/revision/4/

  15. Molecular Diffusion in Liquids Liquid Model A continuous phase of arranged molecules close to each other but held together by strong intermolecular forces Dispersed throughout the phase are “holes” of free space The structure is more complex.

  16. Molecular Diffusion in Liquids Rate of Diffusion BUT only about 100 times faster….

  17. Molecular Diffusion in Liquids Equations for Diffusion ) 1. For equimolarcounterdiffusion, where

  18. Molecular Diffusion in Liquids Equations for Diffusion ) 2. For unicomponent diffusion, NOTE:  average value for the molar density of the mixture

  19. Molecular Diffusion in Liquids Example An ethanol (A) – water (B) solution in the form of a stagnant film 2.0 mm thick at 293 K is in contact at one surface with an organic solvent in which ethanol is soluble and water is insoluble. Hence NB = 0. At point 1 the concentration of ethanol is 16.8 wt% and the solution density ρ1 = 972.8 kg/m3. At point 2 ethanol concentration is 6.8 wt% and ρ2 = 988.1 kg/m3. The diffusivity of ethanol is 0.740x10-9 m2/s. Calculate the steady-state flux NA.

  20. Outline 3. Molecular Diffusion in Gases Diffusion with Varying Cross-sectional Area • Molecular Diffusion in Liquids • Molecular Diffusion in Solids • Prediction of Diffusivities

  21. Molecular Diffusion in Solids What do we expect? Rate of Diffusion

  22. Outline 3. Molecular Diffusion in Gases Diffusion with Varying Cross-sectional Area • Molecular Diffusion in Liquids • Molecular Diffusion in Solids • Prediction of Diffusivities

  23. Predicting Diffusivities For gases at low density - almost independent of concentration - increase with temperature - vary inversely with pressure For liquids and solids, - strongly concentration-dependent - generally increase with temperature

  24. Predicting Diffusivities Empirical Equations For gases, • See Table 2-324 Perry’s • Chapman and Enskog Equation MB = molecular weight of B in kg/kmol σAB = average collision diameter ΩD,AB= collision integral based on Lennard-Jones potential DAB = diffusivity in m2/s T = temperature in K MA = molecular weight of A in kg/kmol

  25. Predicting Diffusivities Empirical Equations For gases, 3. Gilliland Equation DAB = diffusivity T = temperature MA= molecular weight V = molar volume P= pressure

  26. Predicting Diffusivities Empirical Equations For liquids, 4. See Table 2-325 Perry’s 5. Stokes Einstein Equation 4. Wilke and Chang Equation

  27. Predicting Diffusivities All diffusivities have units m2/s Therefore, their ratios are dimensionless groups

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