Atomic Structure and Fusion Reactions Exploration

1. Mon 9/24 and Tues 9/25 • Test-Topography and Mapping today.

2. Pg. Title Page for Ch. 30

3. In: pg Quick write-2 minutes The periodic table is…

4. Thru 1: Pg Periodic Table Coloring Activity • Pick one color for each family listed on the back. • Use the atomic # to color each square on the periodic table the right color. • Complete the blank key at the top of the periodic table.

5. Out Pick any 3 elements from the periodic table and describe why you think they were given the names they were. ElementReason for name

6. Wed. and Thurs • Test-Topography and Mapping today.

7. Sketch a model of an atom and label ALL of its parts. In: pg think back to other science classes!

8. __ + 0

9. Notes-Atom Review Thru 1-pg Cornell Notes

10. Matter • Matter is anything that has mass and volume. • Matter is made of atoms. • May be atoms all of one kind--Elements • May be atoms of different kinds bonded together-Compounds

11. Atom models Rutherford model mostly empty space with nucleus at the center & electrons orbiting Bohr model electrons moving in set paths that determine their energy levels electrons change energy levels when they gain or lose energy Schrodinger model known as electron cloud model electron position and speed & direction are described in terms of probability Atomic Models

12. Parts of an atom Proton positive charge located in the nucleus mass 1.67 x 10-27 kg = 1 atomic mass unit (amu.) Neutron no charge located in the nucleus mass 1.67 x 10-27 kg = 1 amu Electron negative charge located outside the nucleus mass 9.11 x 10-31 kg = 0 amu ATOMIC STRUCTURE

13. Neutral atoms • Atoms may be neutral (no charge) +protons= -electrons.

14. Ions • Atoms can be ions (atoms with an overall + or – charge) • An ion has gained or lost an electron. • Gaining an electron gives the atom an overall negative charge. • Losing an electron gives the atom an overall positive charge.

15. Thru 2 • Fab-5 # 4—Story Board.. • Create a Story Board for the topic of ATOMS. • Atom Practice Sheet

16. Out Arrange the following from smallest to largest. Compound Atom Molecule Nucleus Subatomic particle (these are protons, neutrons and electrons)

18. In: Use the diagrams below to come up with your own definitions of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

19. Thru 1: pg1. Do a sketch of fission and fusion.2. Write down the definition for each Nuclear fission-the nucleus of an atom splits apart into smaller nuclei, releasing energy. Nuclear fusion-nuclei of smaller atoms join together to form a larger nucleus, releasing energy.

20. Nuclear Reactions • Give off energy in the form of light, heat and gamma radiation. • Fission happens on Earth in nuclear reactors and in naturally radioactive elements found within the earth’s crust. • Fusion occurs in the core of stars and is the reason why stars shine and give off heat.

21. Our sun • Each second, the sun transforms 700 million tons of hydrogen gas into 695 million tons of helium gas through the nuclear reaction of fusion. The remaining 5 million tons of matter (about 600 times the weight of water flowing over Niagara Falls in one second) escape as pure energy.

22. Thru 2 Pg. Marie Curie and the Naming of a Unit. • Homework!!! Pg. Nuclear Energy-Fission or Fusion Cloze

23. Video clip

24. Out Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion

26. In: pg Herztsprung-Russell Diagram • Use the H-R diagram to answer the following questions: • What is meant by the word “magnitude”? • What color are cooler stars? • What color are hot stars? • What are main sequence stars? • What category of star is our sun? • Using the diagram, how would you describe our sun?

27. Stellar Fusion http://heasarc.nasa.gov/docs/xmm_lc/lessons/background-lifecycles.html

28. A star's life cycle is determined by its mass. The larger its mass, the shorter its life cycle. A star's mass is determined by the amount of matter that is available in its nebula, the giant cloud of gas and dust from which it was born. Over time, the hydrogen gas in the nebula is pulled together by gravity and it begins to spin. As the gas spins faster, it heats up and becomes as a protostar. http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/107455main_region_88_lgweb.jpg

29. Eventually the temperature reaches 15,000,000 degrees Celsius and nuclear fusion occurs in the cloud's core. The cloud begins to glow brightly, contracts a little, and becomes stable. It is now a main sequence star and will remain in this stage, shining for millions to billions of years to come. This is the stage our Sun is at right now. http://www.nrl.navy.mil/NewsRoom/images/sun.jpg

30. Thru 1: pg The Life Cycle of Stars Flow Map. Use the reading to fill in the spaces on the flow map.

31. Pg. Analysis questions: What is a nebula and what is its role in the life cycle of a star? What are 3 major differences between a massive star’s and a less massive star’s life cycle? What is going to be the fate of our sun? How do you know this? What do the most massive stars become at the end of their life cycle? Why does a Black Hole have a greater gravitational pull than a Black Dwarf? What is the source of energy for all stars? Pg. Star Life Cycle Diagram. Thru 2

32. Key 1=nebula 2=massive star 3=solar-type star 4=red giant 5=supernova 6=white dwarf 7=neutron star 8=black hole 9=black dwarf 8 1 1 2 5 4 7 1 9 6 3 4 Diagram must include: 1. all stages of life,2. labels of stages of life,3. color and 4. clear marking of Massive vs Low mass star life cycles.

33. Out • What do astronomers mean when they refer to the “life cycle” of a star? • How does this like a human life cycle?

35. In: pg Visible light questions: What colors are on the visible light spectrum? What units are the wavelengths of light measured in? What is the range of wavelengths of visible light? Which color has the longest wavelength? Which color has the shortest wavelength? What color would you expect to see at a wavelength of 0.45 micrometers? What color would you expect to see at 0.7 micrometers?

36. Each gas when illuminated gives off a unique set of spectral lines “spectal fingerprint”.

37. 4 5 6 7

40. Thru 1: pg 69 Color the Spectrum Activity—don’t forget to do the back!!

41. Out • What is a spectral fingerprint? • How does it help us understand stars?

43. In: pg Before reading: As humans, we form theories all of the time. • What is a theory?

44. A scientific theory A scientific theory is when scientists have tested a group of related hypotheses many times and the hypotheses (remember, a hypothesis is an explanation for an observations about nature) are supported by data. Scientific ideas are not considered theories until they are generally accepted principles that explain a vast number of observations and experimental data. Examples of scientific theories include: the Atomic Theory, the Theory of Natural Selection, the Theory of Plate Tectonics as well as many other widely supported and accepted scientific principles. “They’re the big ideas in science,” explains Niles Eldredge, a paleontologist at the Museum of Natural History. “They’re taken very, very seriously.” Eugenie Scott, executive director of the National Center for Science Education, says, “Theories explain laws and facts. They’re the most important thing we do in science.” And Ken Miller, a biologist at Brown University and well-known lecturer on evolution, says a theory is the result of large collections of facts put into an explanatory framework.

45. After the reading: 2. What is a scientific theory? 3. How do scientific theories differ from the theories you form everyday?

46. The Big Bang Theory • The Big Bang Theory is the dominant scientific theory about the origin of the universe. According to the big bang, the universe was created sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter and in all directions. The original matter was small and dense, but we don’t know what it was. • The big bang was initially suggested because it explains why distant galaxies are traveling away from us at great speeds. The theory also predicts the existence of cosmic background radiation (the glow left over from the explosion itself). The Big Bang Theory received its strongest confirmation when this radiation was discovered in 1964.

47. Big Bang Theory • The universe was created between 10 - 20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion. • The original matter was small and dense, but we don’t know what it was.

48. It explains why distant galaxies are traveling away from us at great speeds=expanding. • It also predicts the existence of cosmic background radiation-the glow left over from the explosion itself.(1964)

49. 4. What does the Big Bang Theory explain? 5. What are 2 pieces of evidence supporting the Big Bang Theory?