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Introduction to Chemistry: Matter, Energy, & Change

Learn the fundamental physical models, gain a technical perspective on current events, develop problem-solving skills, and appreciate life's little mysteries. Explore the branches of chemistry and understand the properties and transformations of matter and energy. Discover the classification of matter and the chemical elements on the periodic table.

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Introduction to Chemistry: Matter, Energy, & Change

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  1. Chapter 1 Matter, Energy, & Change

  2. the study of matter and its transformations Why study chemistry? • learn fundamental physical models • gain technical perspective on current events • develop problem solving skills • appreciate life's little mysteries • Most of the building materials, clothes, and medicines today are • the result of chemistry • 1.1 What is Chemistry?

  3. Branches of Chemistry • Organic- • Inorganic- • Physical- • Biochemistry- • Analytical- • the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon- compound • the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds • dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances • study of the chemistry of living things • analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure.

  4. Law of Conservation of Mass -Matter can neither be created nor destroyed in chemical or physical changes. Example – sodium metal + chlorine gas ---> table salt, an edible crystal 1.2 Matter and Energy • Matter – anything that has mass and occupies space • Inertia – the tendency of a body to stay at rest or to continue to move at the • same velocity, unless acted on by an outside force. A tractor trailer • has more inertia than a bicycle. A bowling ball has more inertia than • a tennis ball. Matter______________________________ Mass and weight – used interchangeably, but there is a difference… Mass -a quantity of matter, mass is measured using a balance Weight • -a measure of gravity's effect on something; use a scale to • measure weight

  5. Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can change forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed by ordinary chemical or physical changes Everything that you see or sense is either matter or the interactions of energy and matter. True or False? Example: a book – a chunk of matter – hold it up – potential energy – drop it – kinetic energy Energy – the ability to cause change or the ability to do work. (two types) _____Energy_________________________ Kinetic – Potential - the energy of motion Ex. baseball in flight, car rolling down a street stored energy waiting to be released Ex: gasoline, water behind a dam

  6. 1.3 States of Matter • low density • easy to expand/compress • shape - fills container • quick diffusion • volume – container • high density • hard to expand/compress • takes shape of container • middle diffusion • definite volume • high density • hard to expand/compress • rigid shape • low diffusion • definite volume Plasma – A highly ionized gas. The fourth state of matter (it does matter). 99% of all matter in the universe is in a plasma state. Lightning, neon lights and fire are natural examples of plasma on Earth. Plasma tv’s? What are they all about? Plasmain flat-panel display technology that ignites small pockets of gas to light phosphors. Each plasma panel contains thousands of tiny tubes filled with ionized gas that, when excited by electricity, glow in different colors and intensities to create an image.

  7. Properties and Changes of Matter Properties – characteristics that enable us to distinguish one kind of matter from another describe materials by listing their properties Chemical properties vs. physical properties Measurement of a Ex: determining the flammability of gasoline involves burning it, producing CO2 and H2O; wood burning, rusting iron, tarnishing silver, leaves changing colors, baking a cake Measurement of a Ex: density, color, boiling point, volume, temperature, and mass. • chemical propertyinvolves a chemical change. • physical propertymay change the arrangement but not the structure of the molecules of a material.

  8. Intensive properties vs. extensive properties • Extensive properties change when sample size changes; intensive properties don't.

  9. Chemical Change vs. Physical Change • A chemical changeoccurs when • Ex. chemical change: sodium metal + chlorine nonmetal --> table salt (crystal, • white, edible) • Ex. physical change: cutting paper, chopping wood, freezing water • Signs of a chemical change • a substance is converted into a different substance • evolution of heat and light • production of a gas • formation of a precipitate

  10. Water (products) heat Energy ice (reactants) Water (reactants) Energy heat Ice (products) Energy and Changes in Matter - Chemical reactions involve energy

  11. 1.4 Classification of Matter

  12. 1.5 The chemical elements • The periodic table compactly shows relationships between elements, and features are: • Periods are horizontal rows on the table. • - Have the same number of electron shells • Groups (or families) are columns on the table. • - Have similar chemical properties. • Blocks are regions on the periodic table

  13. www.periodictable.com

  14. Types of Metals Alkali Metals (Group IA, first column ) soft, extremely reactive metals react with cold water to form hydrogen gas form +1 ions Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Lithium Potassium Sodium

  15. Types of Metals alkaline earth metals (Group IIA, second column): soft, reactive metals compounds are a major component of earth's crust form +2 ions Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Magnesium Beryllium Barium

  16. Types of Metals Transition Metals (columns 3-12) hard, dense metals less reactive than Group IA and IIA Nickel Gold Chromium

  17. Types of Metals Rare earth metals are the elements at the bottom of the table. lanthanides (top row) actinides (bottom row) Uranium Lanthanide

  18. Nonmetals • halogens (Group VIIA, next-to-last column): • poisonous and extremely reactive nonmetals • fluorine and chlorine are yellow-green gases • bromine is a volatile red-brown liquid • iodine is a volatile blue black solid • all form -1 ions • noble gases (Group 0, last column) • all are monatomic gases • a. k. a. inert gases; almost completely unreactive

  19. Properties of Metals - Macro malleable: can be hammered into thin sheets ductile: can be drawn into wire conduct heat and electricity well lustrous

  20. Properties of Metals - Micro Appear different colors when metals are in tiny clusters (nanoparticles)– up to 30 atoms Stained glass Lycurgus cup

  21. How Small is a Nanoparticle? • Nano • 1 billionth of a meter

  22. Properties of Nonmetals • Not Malleable or ductile – brittle • Poor conductors of electricity • dull

  23. Properties of Metalloids • Properties of metals and nonmetals

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