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The Civil Rights Era

The Civil Rights Era. In the North No official laws of segregation Faced prejudices Hiring Rarely mixed with whites In the South Jim Crow Laws Enforced rules of segregation Plessy v Ferguson, 1896 Separate but equal NAACP Led fight in the courts Thurgood Marshall

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The Civil Rights Era

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  1. The Civil Rights Era

  2. In the North • No official laws of segregation • Faced prejudices • Hiring • Rarely mixed with whites • In the South • Jim Crow Laws • Enforced rules of • segregation • Plessy v Ferguson, 1896 • Separate but equal • NAACP • Led fight in the courts • Thurgood Marshall • Head lawyer • Used 14th Amendment to • attack many laws • Ultimate goal was integration- • end of racial segregation Separate but Unequal

  3. Barriers Begin to Crumble • Integration of Baseball • The Negro Leagues • 1947 GM Rickey Branch, • Brooklyn Dodgers, signed • Jackie Robinson • Named Rookie of the Year • Integration of the Military • 1948 Truman integrated • the military • The Korean War was the • first time African Americans • and whites fought side to • side http://www.whitehousehistory.org/04/subs/activities_03/photo_04b_a.jpg http://www.ballparkwatch.com/images/jackie_robinson.jpg

  4. 1951, Topeka, Kansas • Olivia Brown had to go • the school for African American • children 21 blocks away • There was a white only school • 7 blocks away • Olivia Brown’s parents argued • that their daughter should attend • the school which was the closest • and had better facilities • NAACP, Thurgood Marshall led • the case stating “Separate but • Equal” had no place in school • May 1954 The Supreme Court • agreed… ordering all schools • to desegregate • (Brown v Board of Topeka) Desegregating Schools http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/aa/marshallthrgd/aa_marshallthrgd_subj_e.jpg

  5. Desegregating Schools • Some school/states were opposed • to integration of schools • Little Rock Nine, Arkansas • Governor Orval Faubus • called the National Guard • to keep the students from • entering high school • President Eisenhower sent • in federal troops to enforce • the Supreme Court’s ruling • University of Alabama • Governor George Wallace • blocked the doorway of the • university • JFK sent in troops to allow • the students to enter • University of Mississippi • James Meredith wanted to • enroll • Governor Ross Barnett opposed • JFK sent in troops • Sparked days of riots and deaths

  6. Montgomery Bus Boycott • December 1955 • Rosa Parks refused to give up • her seat to a white person on • a Montgomery Public Bus • She was arrested • Martin Luther King Jr. organized • a mass boycott- Refuse to use • Montgomery’s leaders were • outraged • King and others were falsely • arrested • After 381 days, the Supreme Court • ruled segregation on buses was • illegal

  7. Earl Warren, Chief Justice of Supreme • Court • Extending individual rights • Mapp v Ohio, 1961 • 4th Amendment • Evidence cannot be used • from illegal searches • Gideon v Wainright, 1963 • 6th Amendment • Right to counsel • Miranda v Arizona, 1966 • 5th Amendment • Upon arrest rights must • be made aware • Tinker v Des Moines, 1969 • 1st Amendment • Students wore black arm • bands to school in protest • of Vietnam-Symbolic Speech The Warren Court http://www.bandofrights.org/bandimages/armbands.jpg

  8. Judicial Activism • The courts were striking • down laws that were regarded • as unfair • Critics argued it gave too • much power to the Courts • Warren believed the Constitution • should be interpreted of what • serves in best interest today The Warren Court

  9. Election of 1960 • JFK defeated Richard Nixon • Became the youngest elected • President • Mixed success in White House • Urged Congress to take up • fight against poverty, disease • and ensure justice for all • Congress rejected most • of his proposals • Biggest accomplishment was • NASA • Assassinated in Dallas, Texas, • Nov, 1963 • The Warren Commission concluded • Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone • and killed JFK • Jack Ruby killed Oswald John F. Kennedy http://www.cdo.co.uk/jfk/wiki/index.php/Zapruder_Film

  10. Served out JFK’s term and won the • next election in a landslide • Johnson’s War on Poverty • The “Great Society” Legislation • Expand opportunity and • provide a decent standard • of living for all • Economic Opportunity Act- • Attacked causes of poverty- • illiteracy, unemployment, • inadequate public service • Head start programs • Food stamps to needy • Welfare- System in which • government make cash • payments to poor • Created Department of Housing • and Urban Development to • oversee building of middle and • low income homes Lyndon B. Johnson

  11. Lyndon B. Johnson • The “Great Society” Legislation cont… • Most important legislation • Medicare- helped citizens 65 • and older to pay medical bills • Medicaid- provided money to • assist poor of all ages not • covered by Medicare • Like the New Deal, the “Great Society” • expanded the role of the federal • government • Critics of the “Great Society” said • It shouldn’t be governments • burden to provide a large • part of people’s needs • Programs were very expensive • Many programs were badly run • and did not work

  12. Civil Rights continues • Martin Luther King Jr. • Belief in Civil Disobedience- • Peaceful refusal to obey unjust • laws • Learned idea from Gandhi • SCLC-Southern Christian • Leadership Conference • Formed in 1957 by King • Goals • Full equality for African • Americans • CORE- Congress of Racial • Equality • Trained protesters how to • protect oneself without • retaliating

  13. Civil Rights continues • Non-violent protests • Greensboro Sit-in- form of a • protest in which people sit • and refuse to leave • 1960 African Americans • sat down at “white-only” • lunch counters and ordered • coffee • They refused to leave unless • served • Freedom Riders • Rode throughout south to • see if desegregation of • interstate travel is be obeyed

  14. Civil Rights continues • Protest in Birmingham, Al • Marched to desegregate public • facilities • Many were children • “Bull” Connor was the police • chief and he ordered the use • of dogs, fire hoses and cattle • prods on the demonstrators • City finally gave in and • desegregated the facilities • March on Washington D.C. • To show support of Civil Rights • Legislation • Martin Luther King’s “ I have a • dream” speech http://www.johnnyleeclary.com/bullconnor2.jpg http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/art/mlk/photogallery/1963-65/photo01.jpg

  15. Assassination of Medgar Evers • Served in WWII • Head of NAACP of Mississippi • Shot at his home in 1963 • Assassin was Byron de la • Beckwirth • Found not guilty by a jury • of all white males in 1964 • Retried with new evidence • in 1994 and was found guilty • Evers is buried at Arlington • National Cemetery • 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing • Bobby Frank Cherry and • Robert Edward Chambliss • “Dynamite Bob” planted 19 sticks • of dynamite in the basement of • the church • 26 children walked into the assembly • room in the basement • 4 killed in the explosion Response to protests

  16. Civil Rights Act 1964 • Banned discrimination in • public facilities and in • employment • Voting Rights • 1964 civil right groups led • effort to register African • American voters in Mississippi • 3 workers disappeared, later • found murdered • King led march from Selma • to Montgomery to protest • voting rights • King and protesters were met • with tear gas, clubs and whips • Voting Rights Act , 1965 • Banned literacy tests and other • barriers to African American • voting • Allowed federal government to • register voters directly if being • discriminated Civil Rights Legislation

  17. Movement splinters • Some African Americans grew • impatient with King and his slow • progress • Malcolm X “Malcolm Little” • Embraced the Nation of Islam • Black Muslims • Rejected the goal of integration • Insisted on separating from • white society • Later on he reversed his ideas • and called on a “black-white • brotherhood” • He was shot and killed in 1965 • by 3 Black Muslims before he • could develop his new ideas http://www.deathreference.com/images/medd_01_img0009.jpg

  18. Movement splinters • Stokely Carmichael • Argued that African Americans • should fight back if attacked • “Black Power” • Urged African Americans • to achieve economic • independence by starting • and supporting own • businesses • Also called on to take pride • in their culture • Violent protests • Ghettos- poor run-down • neighborhoods in northern cities • Los Angeles Watts Riots, 1965 • Police brutality • Detroit 1967 • Chicago 1966-67

  19. Assassination of Martin Luther King • Memphis, Tennessee 1968 • Shot by James Earl Ray • Riots broke out in cities • across the nation http://img108.exs.cx/img108/4663/jesseandmartin4ig.jpg http://scribblguy.50megs.com/balcony.jpg http://www.oakridger.com/images/050798/opn_ray.jpg http://famous.y2u.co.uk/Famous_People_Images_2/F_Martin_Luther_King_3.jpg http://www.nndb.com/people/682/000034580/ray2-smaller.jpg

  20. Did not end inequality • Did open up education and • voting rights • More African Americans in politics • Several mayors • Thurgood Marshall-Supreme Court • Justice • Senators and Representatives in • Congress • Affirmative Action- businesses and • schools were encouraged to give • preference to member of groups that • had been discriminated in the past • Led to medical and law professions • Opened up “reverse discrimination”- • unfairly favoring one group over • another Effects of Civil Rights Era

  21. Women's Rights Movement • Betty Friedan • Argued many women were • unhappy with the limited • roles in society • Help organize the National • Organization for Women (NOW) • Lobbied Congress for • greater equality • Led campaign to ratify the • Equal Rights Amendment • Forbid sex discrimination • in any form • States deemed it • unnecessary because • other laws protected • women’s rights

  22. Women's Rights Movement • Other gains by women • Equal Pay Act, 1963 • Required equal pay by • men and women with • the same job • More women attended • college • More women in politics

  23. Faced the same prejudices in • the Southwest as did African • Americans • Formed the American GI Forum • Veterans who combated • discrimination • Hernandez v Texas • Supreme Court ruled it was • illegal to bar Mexican • Americans from juries • Cesar Chavez • Helped form the United Farm • Workers Labor Union, 1966, • to protect the rights of • migrant workers • Also used non-violent protests • Promoting Bilingual-two languages • Elections and schools Mexican Americans http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Sep1998/9809156h.jpg http://utopia.utexas.edu/explore/clark/images/hernandez_photo.jpg http://www.mexarte.com/gi/giforumcolorlogo.jpg

  24. Native Americans • National Congress of American Indians • Sent delegation to D.C. to regain • land, water and mineral rights • Many were successful • American Indian Movement (AIM) • More radical protests to remind • government of a long history of • unfair dealings • Armed members at • Wounded Knee 1973 • Many disagreed with their tactics • Increasing number showed greater • pride in heritage http://members.aol.com/Nowacumig/mader.gif

  25. Older Americans • Had problems paying healthcare • and insurance • Mandatory retirement- policy • required people to stop working • at the age of 65 • 1970 Maggie Kuhn organized • the Gray Panthers to combat • age discrimination • AARP was formed in 1958 to • promote health insurance • programs • Americans with Disabilities • Law to provide access to public • buildings • Education for the Handicapped • Act, 1975 • Americans with Disabilities Act • Outlawed discrimination in • hiring practices Other Groups

  26. [Hulton Archive] http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/media/gallery/photo/FaubusOrval_f.jpg [AP/Wide World Photos] http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/LHO9.jpg http://laura-knight-jadczyk.com/images/colour%20autopsy%20photo%2001.jpeg Library of Congress http://serc.carleton.edu/images/NAGTWorkshops/careerprep/jobsearch/wheelchair_symb.jpg [Hulton Archive/Getty Images] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing http://www.citynmb.com/vertical/Sites/%7B7D026603-3FD1-47D7-B72B-A998702CDBDA%7D/uploads/%7BD8CA7856-040C-47CC-AA65-D456CD3C19AC%7D.GIF [Corbis] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG/800px-16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/sunsetstory/images/maggie.jpg http://powerfulwebsites.com/uploaded_graphics/ban.aarp.logo.thb.jpg http://www.altrue.net/altruesite/files/graypanthersri/DHS2.jpg [National Archives Social Security Administration] John F. Kennedy Library] [Yoichi R. Okamoto/Lyndon B. Johnson Library] [UPI-Bettmann/Corbis [Cecil Stoughton/Lyndon B. Johnson Library] [Lyndon B. Johnson Library [Lyndon B. Johnson Library] Business and Professional Women (BPW/USA [Lavenburg/National Geographic Society, Courtesy of the Supreme Court of the United States] http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/d/db/300px-Governor_George_Wallace_stands_defiant_at_the_University_of_Alabama.jpg

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