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the global crisis

the global crisis. seeds of conflict. Groups. Group 1: "Debts & diplomacy" Group 2: "Hoover & the world Crisis" Group 3: "Depression Diplomacy", " America & the Soviet Union", & "The Good Neighbor Policy" Group 4: "The Rise of Isolationism" Group 5: "The Failure of Munich"

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the global crisis

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  1. the global crisis seeds of conflict

  2. Groups • Group 1: "Debts & diplomacy" • Group 2: "Hoover & the world Crisis" • Group 3: "Depression Diplomacy", " America & the Soviet Union", & "The Good Neighbor Policy" • Group 4: "The Rise of Isolationism" • Group 5: "The Failure of Munich" • Group 6: "Neutrality Tested" • Group 7: "Neutrality Abandoned" Groups include: 2 readers and summarizers, 2 VIP's identifiers

  3. seeds of conflict • revolution was being fueled by economic depression and struggle • post WWI --> powerful dictators driven by nationalism and expansionism

  4. post WWI Germany • Treaty of Versailles: Germany had to accept blame for the start of WWI, pay billions in reparations, stripped of colonies --> caused anger & resentment

  5. hyperinflation Germany was expected to pay off huge debts while dealing with widespread poverty. by 1923, an inflating economy made a five-million German mark work less than a penny. The percentage of government spending covered by taxes rapidly decreased from not-too-spectacular 15% in 1914 to just 0.8% in 1923

  6. Germany - Rise of Hitler • at the end of WWI Hitler was a jobless soldier drifting around Germany • powerful public speaker became the leader of the National Socialist German Worker's party aka Natzi Party --> Der Fuhrer "the Leader" --> promised to bring Germany out of chaos • Nazism = extreme nationalism & expansionism • dreamed of uniting all german-speaking people in a great German empire • "racial purification"

  7. Soviet Union • similarly resented the carving up of parts of Russia • hopes of democracy led to civil war, resulting in the establishment of a communist state --> Joseph Stalin • wanted Soviet Union to be an industrialized power • wanted to create a model communist state • agricultural and industrial growth --> the prime economic goal • Stalin abolished all privately owned farms --> large government-owned farms, managed by 100's of families

  8. rise in power • by 1937 the Soviet Union had become the world's 2nd largest industrial power • the human costs of this transformation were, however, enormous. • "Purge" his country of anyone who threatened his power • 8-13 million deaths of his own people • millions more died in famines caused by his restructuring of Soviet Society • Totalitarian government = complete control • individuals have no rights, gov suppresses all opposition

  9. Italy • unemployment & inflation --> strikes • middle & upper class demanded strong leadership --> Bentio Mussolini • Mussolini: powerful public speaker, knew how to appeal to Italy's wounded national pride, played on fears of economic collapes • Fascism: strong nationalism & placed the interests of the state above the indiviuals • one single leader & a small yet strong supporting group of party members

  10. Debts & Diplomacy • Charles Dawes • American banker & diplomat • negotiated agreement in which American banks would provide enormous loans to the Germans • in return, Britain & France would reduce the amount of those payents • Circular loans • constant American presence in Europe

  11. Roosevelt • signed a bill to forbid American banks from making loans with any nation in default on its debts

  12. America & the Soviet Union • Americans wanted trade with Russia • Soviet Union wanted U.S. to help contain Japan's power • in 1933, Soviet Foreign minister Maxim Litvinov and president Roosevelt reached an agreement that the Soviets would cease their propaganda efforts in the U.S. AND protect American citizens in Russia • in return, the U.S. would recognize the communist regime • despite this promising beginning, relations with the Soviet Union would soon wither

  13. The Good Neighbor Policy • Inter-American Conference • relations between the U.S. & Latin America • declaring that "No state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another." • Roosevelt respected that pledge throughout his yrs. in office • instead of military force, American now tried to use economic influence in order to compel Latin America repay debts & respect foreign investments

  14. Isolationism • Neutrality Acts • established mandatory embargo against both victim and aggressor in any military conflict and empowered the president to warn American citizens that they might travel on such ships of warring nations only at their own risk • Cash-&-Carry policy • warring nations could only purchase nonmilitary goods from the U.S. and had to pay cash and carry the goods away on their own vessels

  15. Japan & China • Japan's aggression against China had been made clear with the invasion of Manchuria in 1931 • 197, Japan launched an even broader assault, attacking 5 Chinese provinces • America = world police

  16. Germany Advances • In 1936, Hitler showed his determination to expand German power and land and moved his Army into the Rhineland • Violating the Treaty of Versailles • in 1938, German forces marched into Austria, and claimed a union • next, Hitler wanted part of Czechoslovakia, close to the Austro-German border • Munich Conference • 1939, Hitler occupied the rest of Czech. violating agreement

  17. Germany vs Poland • For months, Hitler had been trying to frighten the Poles into submitting to German demands • when it failed, he staged an incident • thus launching a full-scale invasion of Poland, in "retaliation" • Britain & France declared war on Germany two days later. WWII had begun.

  18. Fall of France • Invasion of France by both Hitler & Mussolini • France falls to Hilter

  19. Quiz • Identify and explain the differences and similarities between: Facism, Natzism, & Totaltarianism • Describe the circular pattern of international finance that developed between Europe and the • United States in the 1920s. Include a description of the breakdown of that pattern

  20. Japan • 1937: Japan began a campaign to conquer the rest of China • 1940: Japanese gov. allied w/ Germany in the Axis Alliance • 1941: Japan occupied all of Indochina

  21. United States & Japan • U.S. had political & economic interests in East Asia --> alarmed by Japanese advancements • U.S. increased military & financial aid to China • created a program to strengthen military power in the Pacific & placed an embargo on oil & other raw materials to Japan • Japan --> :( • Japan responded by resolving to seize the resource-rich territories of Southeast Asia

  22. Peace to War • Broke Japanese secret communication code: U.S. learned that Japan was preparing for a strike • when? where? • November: Roosevelt sent out a "war warning" to military in Hawaii, Guam, & Philippines. • Peace talks • December 6th:Roosevelt received decoded message: Reject all peace proposals

  23. "A date which will live in infamy" • The key elements to Japan's attack plans: meticulous preparation, the achievement of surprise, and the use of aircraft carriers and naval aviation on an unprecedented scale. • December 7th, 1941: more than 180 Japanese warplanes launched from 6 carries • 8:00am bombing began. 9:30am last plane soared off

  24. Losses • U.S. lost: 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 4 other vessels, 188 airplanes • 2,500 soldiers and sailors died. 1,000 injured • Although American forces were now greatly diminished in the Pacific, however, none of the American aircraft carriers (the heart of the Pacific fleet) were even touched. • Within 4 hours, Congress agreed on a declaration of war against the Empire of Japan • three days later, Germany & Italy declared war on the U.S.

  25. Roosevelt's Speech • Locate examples in the speech of techniques for enhancing a speech, such as the use of repetition, emotionally charged words, appeal to self preservations, and the assurance of moral superiority • Locate justifications for war. How valid are they?

  26. Containing the Japanese • 10 hrs. after Pearl Harbor, attacks American airfields at Manila, Philippines. Destroying U.S. air power in the Pacific. • 3 days later, Guam fell to Japan • General Douglas MacArthur & Admiral Chester Nimitz: planned two offensives to invade Japan

  27. Battle at Midway • Northwest of Hawaii • battle raged on for 4 days, June 3-6, 1942 • U.S., despite heavy losses, was the clear victor • U.S. Navy destroyed 4 Japanese aircraft carriers • turning point • gained back control of the central pacific for the U.S.

  28. Guadalcanal • August 1942: American offensive in the Solomon Islands, assaulting 3 islands. • Huge struggle at Guadalcanal & continued for 6 months. High casualties on both sides. • result: Japanese forced to abandon the island, and with it their last chance of launching an effective offensive to the south • Japanese advance had come to a stop

  29. Americans in Wartime • War-Induced Economic Recovery • LABOR: • Depression to Boom. • 15 million vacancies. • workforce increased 20% • civilian factories --> war factories • THE WEST • $40 Billion in investments: military bases, factories, power plants, highways • aircraft & shipbuilding industry center

  30. American in Wartime • War-Induced Economic Recovery • Stabilizing the Boom • Office of Price Administration (OPA) • Anti-inflation act: freezes on prices • rations • Mobilizing Production • War Production Board (WPB) • Office of War Mobilization (OWM) • by 1944, factories were producing more than needed • twice as much output than the Axis combind

  31. Americans in Wartime • War-Induced Economic Recovery • Science & Technology • National Defense Research Committee • Radar & Sonar • synthetic rubber • acoustic mines

  32. Raising an Army & Safety • Selective Training & Service Act • ≈ ½ men drafted in 1st year were rejected → failing to meet military minimum standards • After Pearl Harbor, West coast cities practiced nighttime blackouts • Brightly lit cities would be easy targets • Air-raid drills • Thousands of new hospitals created

  33. Women & Children at War • Dramatic increase in female employ. • 6 million increase • "pink collar" jobs • factory workers • “Rosie the Riveter” • Baby Boom • prosperity = increase in marriage, decrease in marriage age = babies

  34. Propaganda • Promoting the war • Radio & film • Realism & escapism. News & entertainment. • Movie stars • Advertisements, went over seas • Window banners • Victory gardens • Neighborhoods formed “a Neighborhood Victory Garden, plowed up the backyards of three houses, and planted beans, corn, tomatoes, okra, squash, and all the things we could use. When the crop came in,… [we] used a pressure cooker and canned all day. I was canning until midnight and later, night after night, and I frequently said, ‘I wish I has Hitler in that pressure cooker.’” • Victory Bonds • rose $100 billion

  35. Civil liberties Tested • Blurred ethnic distinctions • “Relocation Centers” → internment Camps • 2 months after Pearl Harbor --> for reasons of "National Security" • more than 100,000 people • military --> family in camp • 1945, finally released • Korematsu v. U.S. 1944 • deemed constitutionally permissible

  36. One man protested, “I was born in Hawaii. I worked most of my life on the west coast. I have never been to Japan. We would have done anything to show our loyalty…That’s not democracy. That’s not the American way, taking everything away from people… Where are the Germans’ Where are the Italians? Do they ask them questions about their loyalty?”

  37. Europe • Holocaust • D-Day • June 6, 1944 • Normandy, France • Years of planning • 150,000 U.S., British & Canadian soldiers transported by 5,000 transport (landing crafts, warships) • 23,000 more airborne troops • “The only way to get off the beach was to blow a big tank trap that was blocking our way. Finally one of our guys took the trap out… I stood up and tried to run. When you run over unconscious men, or men lying on their bellies, its tough to keep your balance. You go into the water, but the water is washing bodies in and out. Bodies, heads, flesh, intestines; that’s what Omaha Beach was.”

  38. Navajo Code Talkers • 1942: Marine Signal Corps  unit composed entirely of Navajo, some teenagers. 400 total participated. • Navajo was unknown to Japanese, believed it would provide an unbreakable code • Tracked Japanese movements, often had to work behind enemy lines • Devised & memorized a special Navajo dictionary, containing 413 military terms • ie: “chicken hawk” = dive-bomber • “hummingbird” = fighter plane • “iron fish” submarine Code was never broken

  39. Defeat of the Axis powers

  40. Atomic Warfare • The Manhattan Project • Enrico Fermi • The Trinity Bomb • Debating the bombs use • Hiroshima & Nagasski

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