The Cold War Outside of Europe

The Cold War Outside of Europe 4.2.2 Korea War 1950-53 Causes, Events and Results

Richtor Scale of the Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis “Hotline” established USSR invasion of Afghanistan Vietnam War Berlin Wall built U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam - Truman Doctrine- Marshall Plan- Molotov Plan- Berlin Blockade & Airlift Star Wars (Reagan/US) Korean War Khrushchev replaced with Brezhnev (USSR) Perestroïka & Glasnost DÉTENTE & PEACEFUL CO-EXISTANCE Warsaw Pact NATO Berlin Wall falls German Reunification UN USSR crumbles 1945 ’48 ’49 ’50 ’55 ’61 ’62 ’64 ’65 ’75 ’79 ’83 ’85 ’89 ’90 1991

Cold war events • This section will illustrate the extent of the Cold War outside of Europe & its impact on international affairs • Our focus will be to analyze the causes and results of the following Cold War Hotspots • The Korean War (1950-53) • The Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962) • The Vietnam War ( 1950s – 1975)

Korean War Overview • The first major military conflict of the Cold War between the Western powers and the Communist nations in the years following World War Two. • The war lasted three years, cost millions of lives, devastated both North and South Korea, and actually continues to this day as the military conflict concluded with a truce, not an actual peace treaty. • The Korean War involved all of the major powers of the 1950s: The United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia (the Soviet Union), as well as the relatively new United Nations. • It carried the potential for escalating into a Third World War.

4.2.2: Korea Backgrounder • Since the beginning of the 20thcentury, Korea had been a partof the Japanese empire, • Following the surrender of the Japanese army in August 1945, American & Soviet troopsoccupied the area

4.2.2: Korea is divided • The Russian and American troops had liberated Korea just as they had in Germany • As occupying powers, these two countries decided to temporarily divide Korea along the 38th Parallel • South of the divide, the Americans were in control while the Soviets occupied the northern section

4.2.2: Korea is divided • As no permanent solution to this division could be found, by 1947 the United Nations (UN) stepped in to assume responsibility for the country • A UN commission was established to oversee a free election and create a unified & independent government in Korea • Because the Soviets refused to acknowledge its power in the North, the elections went ahead in the south alone resulting in a government recognized by the UN

4.2.2: Korea is divided • By 1948, the emerging split in the country led both areas to adopt different forms of government with each claiming to speak for all of Korea • US southern section forming the Democratic Republic of South Korea • Syngman Rhee was their leader (hardline anticommunist) • The Soviet north became the Democratic Republic of North Korea • Kim Il Sung became the leader (dreamed of uniting Korea under communism) • North Korea wished to unify Korea as communist, while South Korea wished to bring democracy to all of Korea.

4.2.2: Korea is divided • When Russians withdrew in 1948 the left Kim Il Sung with a well trained force • When the Americans withdrew in 1949 they left behind 500 advisers to train the armies of South Korea • Border skirmishes were common & over 10,000 North & South Korean soldiers were killed even before the war began

Communism on the move, 1949

NSC-68 • This communist activity caused Truman to order a review & re-evaluation of American Cold War diplomacy strategy • The result was NSC-68, one of the most important Cold War documents as it would shape America foreign policy for next 20 years • contain Soviet expansion. • expand conventional military forces and the nuclear arsenal, including hydrogen bomb • massive increases in military aid to U.S. allies were necessary as well as more effective use of “covert” means to achieve U.S. goals. • Signed into policy once the Korean War began • Video Overview http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-truman-receives-nsc-68

Quick note on China & Taiwan • 1949: the Chinese Civil War ends with Mao’s Communist government taking power • Communist China is known as the People’s Republic of China (PRC) • The Republic of China (ROC) is the island of Taiwan

Quick note on China & Taiwan • After being expelled from the Chinese mainland by the communists, the R.O.C. government still considered itself to be the one true government of China • It was supported by the Western powers (USA) which allowed the R.O.C. to represent China at the UN • The wanted to prevent another communist government from gaining a place in the Security Council • It wasn’t until the1970s that Communist China replaced the ROC as China’s true representative government in the United Nation

American Containment • Since China had fallen to Communism, US feared a domino effect: if Korea became Communist, it would spread through the rest of Southeast Asia

4.2.2 Outbreak of war • On June 25, 1950, the Korean Warbegan when some 75,000 soldiers fromthe North Korean People’s Army poured across the 38th parallel • As the North Korean army pushed into South Korea, the United States readied its troops for a war against communism itself. • Truman hoped to build a broad coalition against the aggressors from the North by enlisting support from the United Nations.

4.2.2 Outbreak of war • Of course, the Soviet Union could veto any proposed action by the Security Council, but this time, the Americans were in luck. • The Soviets were boycotting the Security Council for refusing to admit RED CHINA into the United Nations. • As a result, the Council voted unanimously to "repel the armed attack" of North Korea. • Many countries sent troops to defend the South, but forces beyond those of the United States and South Korea were nominal.

4.2.2 Outbreak of war • For many in the USA, the fear was that this was the first step in a communist campaign to take over the world. • “If we let Korea down the Soviet[s] will keepright on going and swallow up one [place] afteranother.”

4.2.2 Outbreak of war • At first, the war was a defensive one – a war to get the communists out of South Korea – and it went badly for the Allies. • The North Korean army was well-disciplined, well-trained and well-equipped & quickly overran the entire peninsula with the exception of the small PUSAN PERIMETER in the South

4.2.2 Outbreak of war • By September, the commander of the UN forces, Douglas MacArthur, went on the offensive with an amphibious landing at Inchon • The communist-backed northern forces reeled in retreat. quickly pushed the northern troops to the 38th Parallel — and kept going. • The United States saw an opportunity to create a complete unified democratic Korea and pushed the northern army up to the Yalu River, which borders China.

4.2.2 UN Advance • Truman wanted to repel North Korean troops from South Korea and show the collective power of the UN • He ordered troops to stop at the Yalu River—the border between North Korea and China • He allowed MacArthur to bomb bridges on the river but only on the Korean side • MacArthur wanted to defeat Asian communism & thought Truman was soft on Communism

4.2.2 China Becomes involved • China had warned that if the UN invaded North Korea, they would get involved & on November 25th, 1950 over 400,000 Chinese soldiers attacked across the Yalu River • Within a month, the UN coalition retreated back beyond the 38th parallel • Stalemate: MacArthur suggested all out nuclear war • He was fired April 10, 1951

4.2.2 Truman vs MacArthur • General MacArthur wanted to escalate the war by bombing the Chinese mainland and blockade their coast. • Truman disagreed fearing escalation of the conflict could lead to World War III, especially if the now nuclear-armed Soviet Union lent assistance to China. • After publically criticizing Truman's approach, MacArthur was fired for insubordination.

4.2.2 Ceasefire • American policy now was to secure an independent and unified Korea by “political, as distinguished from, military means.” • American and Soviet talks at the UN resulted in a cease-fire and peace talks began on July 10, 1951. • There were sporadic outbreaks of fighting but a truce was signed on July 27, 1953.

Results: Who “Won”? • South Korea remained “free” (though there are still US troops there today) and containment had worked • BUT, Korea was badly damaged, the area is still two separate states, and there was a large human cost

Korean War There were some lessons learned: • This war showed the UN’s limitations as a peacemaking organization • They were there only because the US had decided it should be and that the Soviet Union had not been in a position to use its veto

Korean War • The enduring legacy was the Uniting for Peace resolution, which gave the UN General Assembly the responsibility for dealing with international aggression if the Security Council was deadlocked • The Security Council passed it during the Soviet boycott as a means of countering future soviet vetoes.

Still at War: DMZ • Rare look inside Korea's demilitarized zone

Containment or Peacekeeping? • One of the longstanding, debated questions from the Korean War is was it an example of UN peacemaking or an example of the American containment policy?

Containment or Peacekeeping? Peacemaking • UN resolution to restore independence of S.K. • Force used by UN to stop N.K. invasion (e.g. peacemaking) • Some member nations of UN participate in war

Containment or Peacekeeping? Containment • U.S. fear of ‘domino theory’ • U.S. provided economic & military aid to S.K. • S.K. President & MacArthur want to widen war to include reunification of Korea under S.K. as one country & attack China to defeat communism

The Cold War Outside of Europe