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BLOOD

BLOOD. A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group. BLOOD. A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group. 40% solid matter - 60% of fluid: - 23 intracellular - 13 extracellular

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BLOOD

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  1. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

  2. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

  3. 40% solid matter - 60% of fluid: - 2\3 intracellular - 1\3 extracellular - 80% interstitial - 20% circulation Body fluid

  4. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

  5. Blood: Functions: • 1. transport nutrients to cells and remove wastes. • 2. regulation of temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, glucose, calcium... • 3. protection = fight infection (white blood cells)

  6. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

  7. Hematocrit

  8. Hematocrit

  9. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition a- Plasma b- Formed elements: b1- Erythrocyte b2- Leukocyte b3- Thrombocyte III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

  10. Plasma composition plasma - yellowish clear liquid, composed of water, proteins and other solutes. Water = 90% Proteins = (all synthesized by the liver) (almost 10%): Albumin = 54%, regulates osmotic pressure Globulins = 38%, alpha and beta globulins in transport, gamma globulins in defense (antibodies) Fibrinogen = 7%, coagulation Other solutes (less than 1%) : Electrolytes - Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ Nutrients - glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, monoglycerides ... Gases - O2, N2, CO2 Regulatory substance - hormones, enzymes Vitamins Wastes

  11. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition a- Plasma b- Formed elements: (hematopoiesis) b1- Erythrocyte b2- Leukocyte b3- Thrombocyte III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

  12. Hematopoiesis

  13. Blood cells – Formed Elements

  14. Erythrocytes • 99% of formed elements • bag" filled with hemoglobin (15g/100ml of blood) • about 4 to 5 millions RBC per mm3 blood • Carry oxygen

  15. Erythropoiesis • In red bone marrow (all hematopoiesis) • Hemocytoblast  Reticulocyte (nucleated) • Last stage = erythrocytes (lost nucleus)

  16. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition a- Plasma b- Formed elements: b1- Erythrocyte b2- Leukocyte b3- Thrombocyte III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

  17. Hemoglobin • Globin + Heme Globin = 2 alpha + 2 beta chains Heme = porphyrin ring + Fe • Carry oxygen to tissues

  18. Life cycle of a RBC

  19. Factors influencing RBC synthesis • Presence of nutrients: • Proteins  globin • Iron • vitamin B-12 (found in food) • Intrinsic factor: secreted in stomach promotes absorption of Vit B-12 in the duodenum deficit pernicious anemia • erythropoietin hormone synthesized by kidney decreased blood O2 stimulates secretion of erythropoietin by the kidney. stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs Applications: altitude sickness - athlete training - blood doping

  20. BLOOD • A - BODY FLUIDS • B - BLOOD • I- Function • II- Composition • a- Plasma • b- Formed elements: • b1- Erythrocyte • b2- Leukocyte • b3- Thrombocyte • III- Hemostasis • - Vasospasm • b- Platelet plug formation • c- Coagulation • d- Clot retraction and fibrinolysis • IV- Blood group • a- ABO blood group • b- Rhesus blood group

  21. Leukopoiesis

  22. Leukocytes granularleukocytes - neutrophils - 70% - phagocytosis of bacteria, debris; work within the blood vessels - Eosinophils - 3% - destroy parasites - Basophils - allergic reactions (mast cells in tissues) • agranularleukocytes - lymphocytes - 20%, form antibodies B-lymph (bone marrow) T-lymph (bone => thymus) - monocytes - phagocytosis of bacteria and debris (macrophages in tissues)

  23. BLOOD • A - BODY FLUIDS • B - BLOOD • I- Function • II- Composition • a- Plasma • b- Formed elements: • b1- Erythrocyte • b2- Leukocyte • b3- Thrombocyte • III- Hemostasis • - Vasospasm • b- Platelet plug formation • c- Coagulation • d- Clot retraction and fibrinolysis • IV- Blood group • a- ABO blood group • b- Rhesus blood group

  24. Thrombocytes - Platelets • Derived from megakaryoblasts • Bits of cytoplasm • Full of chemical • 200 000 mm3 • Role: Platelet plug formation

  25. BLOOD • A - BODY FLUIDS • B - BLOOD • I- Function • II- Composition • a- Plasma • b- Formed elements: • b1- Erythrocyte • b2- Leukocyte • b3- Thrombocyte • III- Hemostasis • a- Vasospasm • b- Platelet plug formation • c- Coagulation • d- Clot retraction and fibrinolysis • IV- Blood group • a- ABO blood group • b- Rhesus blood group

  26. Hemostasis • Definition: Ability of the body to stop bleeding. • Four phases: 1- Vasospasm 2- Platelet plug formation 3- Coagulation 4- Clot Retraction

  27. Step 1: Vasospasm • Local effect • Reflex • Due to smooth vessels in blood vessels • Goal: to decrease amount of bleeding

  28. Step 2: Platelet plug • Platelets: - change shape - become sticky - release chemicals - among them: serotonin

  29. Step 3: Coagulation • Transform fibrinogen into strand of fibrin • Two pathways • Extrinsic pathway • Intrinsic pathway

  30. Extrinsic and Intrinsic coagulation pathways

  31. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition III- Hemostasis IV- Blood groups

  32. Blood Types • Many blood types • Due to proteins present on the surface on the RBC • In some case, presence of antibodies in the plasma • Examples: ABO, Rh, MN …

  33. Rh blood type Rh +: -Rh protein present on the RBCs - no antibody ever present in the plasma Rh -: no protein on the RBCs, no antibody anti-Rh in the blood BUT the person can manufacture them if they are exposed to them RH+: more common (85%)

  34. Readings • Chp 15 • Entire chp + blood groups (seen in class)

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