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The Beginnings of Civilization

The Beginnings of Civilization. 3,700,000 to 587 B.C. Exploration of Prehistory. Hominids www.houseofcanes.com/ ordinfo.htm. Key characteristic Walk upright. Role of Artifacts www.texasbeyondhistory.net/ rubin/images/artif. Let us know more about ancient cultures

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The Beginnings of Civilization

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  1. The Beginnings of Civilization 3,700,000 to 587 B.C.

  2. Exploration of Prehistory

  3. Hominidswww.houseofcanes.com/ ordinfo.htm Key characteristic • Walk upright

  4. Role of Artifactswww.texasbeyondhistory.net/ rubin/images/artif... • Let us know more about ancient cultures • Somewhat limited – theories have formed to attempt to explain the past

  5. Lucywww.pbs.org/saf/ 1105/features/eureka3.htm • Oldest human-like skeletal remains ever found • 3-4 Million Years old • Found in Africa • Discovery has been questioned lately over the species of the find

  6. First Humanswww.sonoma.edu/.../ anclub/neanderfacts.html • Characteristics • Powerful jaw • Receding chins • Low foreheads • Heavy eyebrows

  7. More First Humanswww.public.iastate.edu/ ~cfford/342ggsintro.htm • Hunter/gatherers • Nomadic • Traveled in clans of 40-50 • Men hunted while women gathered nuts/berries/seeds

  8. Homo Sapienswww.fossils-as-art.com/ images/0200.jpg • Appeared on the scene between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago

  9. Ice Ageswww.salzburg.com/ freizeit/185_3920.htm • Several over 1.7 million years • Warm era that we live in today started about 10,000 years ago – coincides with last ice age

  10. Neanderthals Appeared 35,000-130,000 years ago (Old Stone Age) Wore animal skins Used fire Buried their dead Cro-Magnons Appeared about 35,000 years ago Better tools Cave Art Textbook History lessons Religious First Homo Sapiens

  11. Three Stone Ages Old Middle New

  12. Old Stone Agewww.chennaimuseum.org/.../ 02/05/prehist.htm • Very crude tools • Stones used to throw at animals

  13. Middle Stone Age www.dungarvanmuseum.org/ index.cgi?art_id=5&pa... Mesolithic Age • 10,000 to 5,500 years ago • Not only use stones but bones • Bows and arrows • Fish hooks • Harpoons

  14. New Stone Agewww.turizm.net/turkey/ history/neolithic.html Neolithic Age • Development of Agriculture • Domestication of animals/plants for food

  15. Characteristics of the Evolution of Civilization

  16. Agriculture to Surplus Production • People began to grow more food than they would need – allowed people to do things other than farming

  17. Establishment of Towns/Cities www.turizm.net/turkey/ history/neolithic.html • With surplus populations could grow • Families now could be larger

  18. Division of Laborwww.jupiter.fl.us/.../ BuildingSafety.htm • In towns/cities people could specialize in one job or another

  19. Evolution of Civilization Lesser Characteristics

  20. Calendarwww.hcc-nd.edu/images/ Calendars-Oct03.gif • Needed to track seasons for planting/harvesting and migrations (if needed)

  21. Form of Writingmrspock.marion.ohio-state.edu/.../ cuneiform.htm • Needed for communication • Early forms were cumbersome with too many symbols – became better as time past

  22. Development of Metal Ages

  23. Bronze Agedomino.kappa.ro/.../ ist_ilustrata/$file/4.jpg • Developed as an alloy of copper and tin • Easily made into tools • Weakness: not strong enough

  24. Iron Agewww.hants.gov.uk/museum/ ironagem/reception.html • Iron was smelted (melted) from iron ore • Much stronger than bronze • Gave those who possessed iron weapons a huge advantage over those who did not

  25. Early Civilizations

  26. Egyptians

  27. Egypt: Role of the Nile • Civilization found upon the Nile River Valley • Nile River is the longest river flowing north in the World

  28. Nile River • Flows northward – divided into two parts: • Upper Egypt (South) • Lower Egypt (North) • Originates at Lake Victoria • Cataracts • Surrounded by two deserts • Flows into delta – then into the Mediterranean

  29. Nile River: Lifeblood of Egyptwww.wwnorton.com/.../ nawol/maps/MAP3EGYP.JPG • Nile River floods yearly leaving silt in valleys adjacent to River – provide fertile soil • < Flooding – Bad crops • > Flooding – Villages swept away

  30. Egypt moves toward Civilizationastro.temple.edu/ ~rguay/rosetta%20stone.jpg • 3000 B.C. – Hieroglyphics developed • Language artists have been able to translate the Hieroglyphics with use of the Rosetta Stone

  31. Egyptian Kingdoms

  32. Menesmembers.tripodnet.nl/ ancientegypt/history.html • Unites Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt in 3200 B.C. • Begins the first of 30 dynasties of Egypt

  33. Old Kingdom 2680 B.C. to 2180 B. C.

  34. Achievements in Arts and Sciencewww.astro.utoronto.ca/ ~yao/egypt1999/sphinx.gif • The Great Sphinx

  35. The Old Kingdom • Class society • Lower: Peasants and Farmers • Upper: Pharaoh, the Royal Family, Priests, Scribes, and Government Officials • At end of dynasty the pharaohs became weaker and the nobles grew stronger • Revolutions began probably because of famine and lack of food

  36. First Intermediate Period • Lasted from 2180 B.C. to 2050 B.C. • Time period marked by many civil wars • Period ends as new line of pharaoh comes to power

  37. The Middle Kingdom 2050 B.C. to 1650 B.C.

  38. Middle Kingdom • Considered the “golden age” of Egypt • Noble and Priests begin to challenge the power of the Pharaoh – led to instability • Period also marked by invasions of Hyksos • Disputes arise over how devastating the Hyksos invasion was on the Egyptians • Hyksos did bring in new tools of warfare: the chariot and compound bow

  39. Second Intermediate Period • Begins as Hyksos gain control of all of Egypt – probably because of the weakness of Egypt • Period ends as new line of rulers come to power

  40. The New Kingdom 1570 B.C. to 1080 B.C.

  41. New Kingdom • Kingdom centered around their capital, Thebes • Drove the Hyksos out of Egypt with use of a strong army • Begin to build an empire • The strongest of the rulers were….

  42. Hatshepsutwww.antropos.galeon.com/ html/FARAON.htm • First female to ever hold the title of Pharoah • Technically co-ruler – with her son • Kept empire’s boundaries secure and built trade

  43. Thutmose IIIwww.fruitofthenile.com/ tuthiii.htm • Stepson of Hatshepsut • Continued trend of mother • Expanded Egypt’s territory to its largest extent until his death in 1450 B.C.

  44. Amenhotep IVnefertiti.iwebland.com/ portraiture/18d/amenho... • First monotheistical leader of Egypt • Believed in the sun god, Aton • Changed name to Akhenaton • After his death, Egypt returns to polytheism

  45. Ramses II (the Great)forums.tactical-ops.de/ showthread.php?t=59060 • Ruled from 1279 B.C. to 1215 B.C. • Great Builder • Considered to be the pharoah at the time of the Exodus • Later pharoahs were weak

  46. Egyptian Achievements

  47. Arts and Architectureforum.paradoxplaza.com/ forum/showthread.php?g... • Pyramids – close to perfect symmetry • Used as tombs for the pharoahs

  48. Science, Math, and Medicine • Devised a 365 day calendar • Used numbering system based on 10 • Used herbs for medicinal purpose • Mummification – preservation of dead

  49. Peoples of the Fertile Crescent

  50. Fertile Crescentxenohistorian.faithweb.com/ worldhis/Hist02.html • Situated along the Tigris-Euphrates River valleys • Much like Egypt in that it needed rivers to flood for irrigation • Rivers begin in mountains of Turkey and flow into the Persian Gulf

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