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BASIC CELL BIOLOGY

Explore fundamental concepts on the metabolism of cells including information turnover, energy supply, and metabolic pathways. Gain insights into enzyme properties and the turnover of materials crucial for cell growth and function.

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BASIC CELL BIOLOGY

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  1. BASIC CELL BIOLOGY I CHEMISTRY of LIFE BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE METABOLISM

  2. BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE METABOLISM • Information Turnover • Energy Supply • Metabolic Pathways; the Turnover of Materials • Basic Properties of the Enzymes

  3. Lecture 6 METABOLISM THE TOTALITY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE CELL Information turnover –continuation, use and transfer of the hereditary information Energy supply – production of energy for the chemical reactions in the cell Turnover of the materials - biosynthesis and degradation of macromolecules, their constituents and other substances in the cell

  4. Lecture 6 INFORMATION TURNOVER DNA RNA Protein

  5. Lecture 6 METABOLISM AND GROWTH Nutritional substances (construction materials) Junk Energy Additional components Processed products CELL Cell components SECONDARY METABOLISM Nutritional substances (fuel) Trash BASIC (PRIMARY) METABOLISM

  6. Lecture 6 Energy supply ENERGY IS SUPPLIED TO THE MOST CELLS BY CHEMICAL REACTIONS - OXIDATION FOR THE PLANTS AND SEVERAL MICROORGANISM SPECIES THE SOURCE OF ENERGY MAY BE LIGHT

  7. Lecture 6 Energy supply REDOX REACTIONS OXIDATION – H3C-OH OCH-OH Oxidation ~ combustion (release of energy) Oxidisers are the elements (molecules, atoms), which take away the electrons. Oxidisers get reduced.

  8. Lecture 6 Energy supply REDOX REACTIONS REDUCTION – Reduction needs the energy Reducers are the elements (molecules, compounds), which donate electrons to other elements (molecules, compounds). Reducers get oxidised.

  9. Lecture 6 Energy supply COMPLEX REDUCED COMPOUNDS (glucose) ADP ATP ENERGY CATABOLISM ANABOLISM SIMPLE OXIDISED COMPOUNDS (CO2; H2O)

  10. Lecture 6 Energy supply C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6H2O H - C - OH C=O + 2H Transmitter O=O CO2 + H2O

  11. Lecture 6 Energy supply

  12. Lecture 6 Energy supply The electron transport chain in the membrane gradually decreases the energy of the electron and finally adds it to the final acceptor

  13. Lecture 6 TURNOVER OF ENERGY NAD+ +2H -2H++e- NADH+H+

  14. Lecture 6 Energy supply The electron transport chain in the membrane gradually decreases the energy of the electron and finally adds it to the final acceptor

  15. Lecture 6 CHEMIOSMOTIC THEORY (P.Mitchell) Electrons release energy gradually Energy supply Electrons from NADH H+ H+ H+ H+ H H+ H+ H+ + H+ 1/2 O2 + 2H+ H+ H+ CYTOPLASM OUTERMEMBRANE SPACE H2O H+ H+ ADP + Pi ATP MEMBRANE

  16. Lecture 6 Energy supply

  17. Lecture 6 Biosythesis and degradation of the macromolecules and other chemical compounds in the cell occurs in the result of elementary chemical reactions, which are catalysed by special proteins - enzymes.

  18. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes are substrate specific. The specificity is determined by the structure of the active site

  19. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes are biocatalists, they do not change in the result of the reaction

  20. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes FRUCTOSE LACTOSE The enzymes are substrate specific.

  21. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes do not supply energy to the reactions they catalyse

  22. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes help to optimise the positioning of substrates

  23. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes increase the frequency of collisions between the substrates

  24. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes place the reacting bond in optimal neighbourhood of charged groups

  25. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes decrease the activation energy of the reaction

  26. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymesC The enzymes decrease the activation energy of the reaction

  27. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes are specialised for particular chemical reactions One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary chemical exchange

  28. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary chemical exchange

  29. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary chemical exchange

  30. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary chemical exchange

  31. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymatic reactions are reversible K1 K2 S + E SE E + P

  32. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The activity of the enzymes is lost if the structure of the enzyme molecule is changed

  33. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The activity of the enzymes is lost if the structure of the enzyme molecule is changed

  34. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The activity of the enzymes is lost if the structure of the enzyme molecule is changed : allosteric regulation Allosteric site Active site INACTIVE ACTIVE

  35. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The activity of the enzymes is lost if the structure of the enzyme molecule is changed : allosteric regulation Substrate Allosteric inhibitor Allosteric activator ACTIVE ACTIVE INACTIVE

  36. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes Inhibition of the enzyme activity Competitive inhibitor Substrate INACTIVE ACTIVE INACTIVE Non-competitive inhibitor

  37. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes Inhibition of the enzyme activity Competitive inhibitor Substrate p-aminobenzoic acid Sulfanilamide PRODUCT = FOLIC ACID

  38. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes Inhibition of the enzyme activity PRODUCT = FOLIC ACID

  39. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS Linear

  40. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS Cyclic

  41. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS Repetitive

  42. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS

  43. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways

  44. Lecture 6 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE ORGANISMS ARE CHEMICAL FACTORIES

  45. Lecture 6 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE We’ve been here

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