1890 to 1917

1. PROGRESSIVES 1890 to 1917 “Progressives were reformers who attempted to solve problems caused by industrialization, urbanization and government corruption.”

2. Progressives were • mostly white Protestants • Middle class and native born. • College Educated Professionals • Social workers • Scholars • Politicians • Preachers • Teachers • Writers

3. PROGRESSIVES • Reform = Progress • To make gov’t more accountable to citizens • Limit power and influence of wealthy industrialists by increased regulation • Expand gov’t to help correct social injustices and improve lives of citizens • Eliminate corruption and make government more efficient

4. PROGRESSIVES • When did the movement begin? • Farmers organize during the 1870’s • The Grange—1867---local level • Farmer’s Alliance---state level • Populist Party--national levelPeople’s Party

5. PROGRESSIVES • Adopt Populist Ideas • Move away from laissez faire with government regulating industry • Make US government responsive to the people (voting) • Limit power of the political bosses. • Improve worker’s rights, conditions for poor and immigrants • Clean up the cities

6. PROGRESSIVES • Populists vs Progressives • Populists---rural • Progressives---cities • Populists were poor and uneducated • Progressives were middle-class and educated. • Populists were too radical • Progressives were moderates- mainstream. • Populists drew attention to problems • Progressives succeeded in making changes

7. PROGRESSIVES Areas to Reform Social Justice Political Democracy Economic Equality Conservation

8. PROGRESSIVES Social Justice Improve working conditions in industry, regulate unfair business practices, eliminate child labor, help immigrants and the poor

9. PROGRESSIVES Political Democracy Give the government back to the people, get more people voting and end corruption stemming from political machines.

10. The Emergence of Political Machines Political Machine Organized group that controls a cities political party Give services to voters, businesses for political, financial support After Civil War, machines gain control of major cities Machine organization: precinct captains, ward bosses, city boss

11. POLITICAL MACHINES • The Role of the Political Boss • May serve as mayor he: • controls city jobs, business licenses • influenced courts, municipal agencies • arranged building projects community services • •Bosses paid by businesses, get voters’ loyalty, extend influence • Immigrants and the Machine • Many captains, bosses 1st or 2nd generation Americans • Machines help immigrants with naturalization, jobs, housing • Election Fraud and Graft • •Machines use electoral fraud to win elections • •Graft—illegal use of political influence for personal gain • •Machines take kickbacks, bribes to allow legal, illegal activities

12. PROGRESSIVES • Economic Justice • Fairness and opportunity in the work world, regulate unfair trusts and bring about changes in labor. • Demonstrate to the common people that U.S. Government is in charge and not the industrialists.

13. PROGRESSIVES CONSERVATION Preserve natural resources and the environment

14. SOCIAL JUSTICE MUCKRAKERS • Muckrakers were journalists and photographers who exposed the abuses of wealth and power. • They felt it was their job to write and expose corruption in industry, cities and government. Muckrakers exposed corruption but offered no solutions.

15. MUCKRAKERS • They believed that if the public could only see or read for itself….. • There would be an outcry and people would want to help make conditions better….. • Or demand the government to make reforms. • “Digging up the dirt”=Investigative Journalism

16. ECONOMIC JUSTICE • Fairness and opportunity in the work world, regulate unfair trusts and bring about changes in labor. • Demonstrate to the common people that U.S. Government is in charge and not the industrialists. • Progressive Presidents • Theodore Roosevelt1901 to 1909 • William Howard Taft1909 to 1913 • 1912 Election • Woodrow Wilson1913 to 1921

17. Muck raker Thomas Nast Muck raker Work PoliticalCartoons Work Subject Political corruption by NYC's political machine, Tammany Hall, led by Boss Tweed. Subject Results Results Tweed was convicted of embezzlement and died in prison. Jacob Riis John Spargo Living conditions of the urban poor; focused on tenements. Child labor in the factories and education for children. How the Other Half Lives(1890) The Bitter Cry of the Children NYC passed building codes to promote safety and health. Ending child labor and increased enrollment in schooling. In 1906 the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act were passed Investigated dangerous working conditions and unsanitary procedures in the meat-packing industry. The Jungle(1906) Upton Sinclair

18. Muck raker Frank Norris Work The Octopus (1901) Subject This fictional book exposed monopolistic railroad practices in California. Results In Northern Securities v. U.S. (1904), the holding company controlling railroads in the Northwest was broken up. Ida Tarbell "History of Standard Oil Company" in McClure's Magazine(1904) Exposed the ruthless tactics of the Standard Oil Company through a series of articles published in McClure's Magazine. In Standard Oil v. U.S. (1911), the company was declared a monopoly and broken up.

19. JaneAddams Social Reformers SOCIAL GOSPEL Pioneer in the field of social work who founded the settlement house movement through the establishment of Hull House in Chicago. MargaretSanger Educated urban poor about the benefits of family planning through birth control. She founded the organization that became Planned Parenthood.

20. CityCommissioner Plan City Reforms Cities hired experts in different fields to run a single aspect of city government. For example, the sanitation commissioner would be in charge of garbage and sewage removal. City ManagerPlan A professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report directly to the city council.

21. Recall State Reforms Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office. Initiative Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens. Referendum Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed. Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses. Privacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted. Secret Ballot Direct Primary

22. AUSTRALIAN BALLOT • Given out only at the polls • Vote in secret • Printed at public expense • Lists names of all candidates and their parties

23. electoral POLITICAL DEMOCRACY 1790 to 1828 Caucus---small group of individuals who would choose a candidate 1828 to 1900 Convention---members from the political parties nominate a candidate Current System Used Direct Primary---allow registered voters to participate in choosing a candidate

24. SOCIAL JUSTICE 16th Amendment: Income Tax (1913) Progressive income tax assigned higher tax rates to people with higher incomes.

25. POLITICAL DEMOCRACY NATIONAL LEVEL 17th Amendment: Direct Election of Senators (1913) Increased voters’ power and reduced corruption in Senate

26. POLITICAL DEMOCRACY 17th Amendment:Direct Election of Senators (1913) Increased voters’ power and reduced corruption in Senate

27. SOCIAL JUSTICE 18th Amendment:Prohibition (1919) Banned manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages • Movement begins at the local, state levels and eventually effects the national level….. • WCTU or Women’s Christian Temperance Union founded in 1874 in Cleveland, Ohio • Frances Willard • Carrie Nation • Anna Howard Shaw • Anti-Saloon League

28. POLITICAL DEMOCRACY • NATIONAL LEVEL • 19th Amendment • Women’s Suffrage (1920) • Women won the right to vote

29. Preparing the Way for Suffrage • American women activists first demanded the right to vote in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York. • The movement eventually split into two groups: • The National Woman Suffrage Associationfought for a constitutional amendment for suffrage. • The American Woman Suffrage Associationworked to win voting rights on the state level. • In 1890, Wyoming entered the union and became the first state to grant women the right to vote. • In 1872, in an act of civil disobedience, a suffrage leader, Susan B. Anthony, insisted on voting in Rochester, New York. She was arrested for this act.

30. 19th Amendment provides full suffrage to women in all the states, 1920.

31. National Reclamation Act(1902) Roosevelt Progressive Era Federal Legislation Encouraged conservation by allowing the building of dams and irrigations systems using money from the sale of public lands. Elkins Act(1903)Roosevelt Outlawed the use of rebates by railroad officials or shippers. Pure Food and Drug Act(1906/1911)Roosevelt Required that companies accurately label the ingredients contained in processed food items. Meat Inspection Act(1906)Roosevelt In direct response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, this law required that meat processing plants be inspected to ensure the use of good meat and health-minded procedures.

32. Progressive Era Federal Legislation Hepburn Act(1906)Roosevelt Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, allowing it to set maximum railroad rates. Federal Reserve Act(1913)Wilson Created 12 district Federal Reserve Banks, each able to issue new currency and loan member banks funds at the prime interest rate, as established by the Federal Reserve Board. Clayton Antitrust Act(1914)Wilson Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means, and stated that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation. Federal Trade Act(1914)Wilson Established the Federal Trade Commission, charged with investigating unfair business practices including monopolistic activity and inaccurate product labeling.

33. Underwood Tariff1913Wilson Wilson’s New Freedom Substantially reduced import fees and enacted a graduated income tax (under the approval of the recent 16th Amendment Keating-OwenAct1916Wilson Enacted by U.S. Congress which sought to address the perceived evils of child labor by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods manufactured by children. Signed into law by President Wilson. Act declared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court

34. WILLIAM BOSS TWEED • Corrupt political leader put New York City in debt • Political boss • Kept Democratic Party in power in NYC by organizing a political machine called Tammany Hall • Formed the Tweed Ring • Bought votes, encouraged corruption, controlled NYC politics

35. WILLIAM BOSS TWEED • Exposed for his corruption by cartoonist and editor, Thomas Nast • Tweed Ring fell and 1873 Tweed convicted of embezzlement • Later Tweed was arrested on a civil charge and jailed in NYC, later died there

36. SOCIAL JUSTICE Upton Sinclairs, The Jungle, exposed the filthy, unsanitary working conditions and corruption in a meatpacking company in Chicago

37. SOCIAL JUSTICE • President Roosevelt proposed legislation to clean up the meatpacking industry after reading The Jungle. • Food and Drug Act • Meat Inspection Act

38. PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS • Square Deal • Reforms of the Progressives start with President Roosevelt…. • Areas which he wanted to reform and use the “bully pulpit” of the Presidency were the following: • Bad Trusts vs. Good Trusts • Take the side of labor • Railroads • Limiting corruption in the workplace • Conservation

39. PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS • Square Deal • TR believed in the “capitalistic system” but believed that the system must be regulated by US Govt. • TR was a Hamiltonian but for the betterment of the “common man” as opposed to benefit the elite. • TR believed the U.S. Government was running the country and not the rich and corrupt industrialists…. • U.S. Government involvement with “regulatory agencies”….Similar to “checks and balances”

40. ECONOMIC JUSTICE • TR, the “Trustbuster” • Department of Labor • Bureau of Corporations • Filed more than 40 anti-trust suits using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. • Northern Securities • Standard Oil • Swift Beef

41. ECONOMIC JUSTICE • Anthracite 1903 Coal Strike • Union wanted shorter days and higher wages and owners would not negotiate. • Winter, nation needed coal to heat homes. • TR calls a White House Conference. • TR threatens to send in troops to run mines • Owners back down and TR becomes the “hero” of the common working man. • Importance: First time US Govt. took the side of labor in a dispute.

42. CONSERVATION • TR’s Conservation Policy • 125,000 acres in reserve • National Reclamation Act 1902 • 25 water projects • Founding of the National Park System

43. TAFT'S PRESIDENCY • Federal Children’s Bureau • Creation of a Dept. of Labor • 8 hr. workday • Mann-Elkins Act • Aligns with Conservative Republicans and splits with Roosevelt’s Progressives. Goodness gracious, I must have been dozing

44. 1912 ELECTION • TR runs against Taft for the Republican nomination. • TR is not nominated for the Republican nomination because the Conservatives supported Taft. • Ballinger-Pinochet quarrel, • Sec. of the Interior Ballinger opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to development • Angered TR's pro-conservation stand.

45. 1912 ELECTION • TR forms his own party called the Progressive “Bull Moose Party”…….. • As a result, TR splits the Republican Party and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) wins election.

46. GOP Divided by Bull MooseEquals Democratic Victory!

47. 1912 ELECTION

48. 1912 ELECTION • Wilson’s Slogan • New Freedom: restore the free competition and equal opportunity but not through big government…. • Tackle the “triple wall of privilege”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. • Wilson passes quite a bit of legislation which was similar to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism…. • Federal Trade Commission • 16th Amendment • Underwood Tariff Bill • Federal Reserve Act • Clayton Anti-Trust Act Wilson’s time is devoted to the WWI instead of the Progressive Reforms. Progressive Movement ends with US entrance into WWI