Leading Up to War

1. U.S. History Chapter 21 Section 1 Leading Up to War

2. Words to Know • Dictator: A ruler with complete power in a country • Fascist: A member of a political party who supports extreme nationalism and a dictator • Nazi: A member of a political party in Germany led by Adolf Hitler • Appeasement: The policy of giving into someone’s demands in order to keep peace

3. The Rise of Dictators • 1920s: many European countries still recovering from WWI: • Economics • Some freedom based countries kept same governments • Other countries turned to dictators for help

4. Communism in the Soviet Union • 1917: Revolution: • Communist party revolted • After revolution, Russia changed its name to U.S.S.R.: • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: • (Soviet Union) http://video.aol.com/video-detail/history-s-turning-points-1917-ad-the-russian-revolution/1696863792

5. Russian Dictator • 1924: Joseph Stalin: • Cruel Leader • Most Soviets did not dare to challenge him • At least 10million Soviets will killed during his rule: • (40-60million)

6. Stalin cont. • Born in 1879 • Came from a poor background: • his father was a cobbler • mother was a peasant • Did well at school: • won a scholarship to go to a seminary where priests were trained

7. Stalin cont. • At the seminary Stalin turned to Marxism: • form the basis for the theory and practice of communism: • a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. • Became a follower of Lenin • Went to secret meetings and distributed leaflets

8. Stalin cont. • Between 1902 and 1913 he was arrested 8 times and exiled to Siberia: • He escaped 7 times! • In prison he adopted the name Stalin: • Translates as "Man of Steel”: • He felt that it would be good for his image • Very good organizer and the part he played in the November1917 Revolution was probably small: • skills he gained while helping to organize the Bolshevik Party were to prove invaluable

9. Stalin cont. • After 1917, he was rewarded with a number of seemingly unimportant party positions which nobody else wanted: • gave Stalin insight into who could be trusted to support him and who could not • Stalin was seen as dull by the intellectual elite of the Bolshevik Party: • They all made a fatal mistake in assuming that he was stupid.

10. Stalin cont. • Stalin became the undisputed leader of Russia in 1929: • he realized that Russia was far behind the west • have to modernize her economy very quickly if she was to survive. • Also a strong economy would lead to a strong military if Russia was going to survive threats from external forces. • A modernized Russia would also provide the farmers with the machinery they needed if they were going to modernize their farms - such as tractors.

11. Fascism in Italy • Not defeated in WWI: • Gov’t and economy were weakened • Labor strikes and riots • Many people turned to political leader Benito Mussolini: • For change and hope

12. Mussolini • 1919: Mussolini started the Italian Fascist Party • Spoke a lot about is glories in war • 1922: Prime Minister

13. Totalitarian Governments • Complete control over the everyday lives of its citizens • Individuals have no right to: • Think freely • Speak freely • Write freely • Spies to watch and report on every citizen • Many people were arrested, beaten, and killed for speaking out

14. Nazism in Germany • Germany suffered the most out of all countries • In hope to solve its problems the National Socialist Party took over: • Nazi’s were part of this party • Led by Adolf Hitler

15. Adolf Hitler • Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889  • He quit school at the age of 16, partially the result of ill health and partially the result of poor school work.  • His mother developed terminal cancer and was treated by a Jewish doctor who served the poor.   • After an operation and excruciatingly painful and expensive treatments with a dangerous drug, she died on December 21, 1907.

16. Adolf Hitler • Virtually penniless by 1909, he wandered Vienna as a transient: • sleeping in bars • flophouses • shelters for the homeless: • including, ironically, those financed by Jewish philanthropists.   • During this period he developed: • prejudices about Jews • his interest in politics • debating skills.   • Vienna was a center of anti-Semitism: • The media's portrayal of Jews as scapegoats with stereotyped attributes did not escape Hitler's fascination.

17. Adolf Hitler • May 1913: • Hitler, seeking to avoid military service, left Vienna for Munich.   • In January, the police came to his door with a draft notice from the Austrian government: • The document threatened a year in prison and a fine if he was found guilty of leaving his native land with the intent of evading enlistment. • Hitler was arrested on the spot and taken to the Austrian Consulate: • he was found "unfit...too weak...and unable to bear arms."

18. Hitler's World War I Service • Hitler narrowly escaped death in battle several times, and was eventually awarded two Iron Crosses for bravery.   • He rose to the rank of lance corporal • In October 1916, he was wounded by an enemy shell and evacuated to a Berlin area hospital.   • After recovering, and serving a total of four years in the trenches, he was temporarily blinded by a mustard gas attack in Belgium in October 1918.  • Communist-inspired insurrections shook Germany while Hitler was recovering from his injuries.   • Some Jews were leaders of these revolutions, and this inspired hatred of Jews as well as Communists.

19. Free Corps • Paramilitary organization: • Made up of vigilante war veterans who banded together to fight the growing Communist insurgency: • Was taking over Germany. • The Free Corps crushed this insurgency. • Its members formed the corps of the Nazi "brown-shirts” which served as the Nazi party's army.

20. German Worker's Party • Soon after the war, Hitler was recruited to join a military intelligence unit, and was assigned to keep tabs on the German Worker's Party: • members expressed a doctrine similar with Hitler's.   • He saw this party as a way to get his message out  • His hatred of the Jews became part of the organization's political platform.

21. German Worker's Party • Hitler built up the party, converting it from discussion group to an actual political party.   • Advertising for the party's meetings appeared in anti-Semitic newspapers.   • Hitler drafted a party program consisting of twenty-five points: • This platform was presented at a public meeting on February 24, 1920.  • Hitler electrified the audience.  • Jews were the principal target of his diatribe.

22. German Worker's Party • Among the 25 points were: • revoking the Versailles Treaty • confiscating war profits • taking land without compensation for use by the state • revoking civil rights for Jews • expelling those Jews who had emigrated into Germany after the war began.  • The name of the party was changed to the National Socialist German Worker's party: • The red flag with the swastika was adopted as the party symbol.

23. National Socialist German Worker's party • Hitler raised funds to a local newspaper, which appealed to anti-Semites, for the party • The Nazi party began drawing thousands of new members: • many of whom were victims of high inflation • found comfort in blaming the Jews for this trouble.  

24. Hitler's Rise to Power • Hitler decided to seize power constitutionally rather than by force of arms.   • Hitler spoke to scores of mass audiences, calling for the German people to resist the oppression of Jews and Communists: • Create a new empire which would rule the world for 1,000 years.  • Hitler's Nazi party captured 18% of the popular vote in the 1930 elections.

25. Hitler's Rise to Power • 1932-Hitler ran for President: • Won 30% of the vote • forcing the eventual victor into a runoff election. • A political deal was made to make Hitler chancellor in exchange for his support. • President dies in 1934: • Hitler took over.   • Economy improves: • Hitler claimed credit and consolidated his position as a dictator • The German industrial machine was built up in preparation for war.

26. 1935 • Hitler said the Jews could no longer be German citizens • Jewish children no longer were allowed in German schools • All Jews were forced to wear yellow badges

27. The Road to War • 1936: Hitler decided to move beyond Germany’s boundaries • Army crossed into the Rhineland: • Area between France and Germany • France and Great Britain complained but took no action: • Appeasement http://www.encyclomedia.com/video-adolf_hitler.html

28. War Breaks Out • 1939: German forces took control of all Czechoslovakia: • Next stop Poland • August 1939: • Hitler and Stalin agreed to attack Poland and divide country between them • 9/1/39: Germany strikes Poland: • Great Britain and France realize appeasement won’t work • Both declare war on Germany

29. 1940 • German forces invade: • Denmark • Norway • Netherlands • Belgium • Luxembourg • France • Next stop Great Britain

30. Class work C21S1CW