KINGDOM PROTISTA

1. KINGDOM PROTISTA • Conglomerate of organisms which do not fit into other 5 Kingdoms • Archeobacteria, Eubacteria Animalia, Plantae, Fungi • Much more complicated than bacteria • They represent the intermediate step in the evolution of the other three kingdoms • Protozoan is the Greek word for “first animal” • Contains about 65,000 species

2. Prefix uni • Prefix multi KINGDOM PROTISTA • Made up of a complex eukaryotic cell (unicellular) or cells (multicellular) • Eukaryotes have cellular organelles, and prokaryotes (bacteria) do not One (single) More than one (many) • Kingdom has organisms that demonstrate both animal and plant-like characteristics • Some members make their own food (________) autotrophs heterotrophs • Some ingest food from outside (____________)

3. KINGDOM PROTISTA • Organisms separated based on feeding behaviors Autotrophs Heterotrophs amoeboidsciliateszooflagellatessporozoansplasmodial slime moldscellular slime moldswater molds green algaebrown algaered algaediatomsdinoflagellateseuglenoids

4. All Protozoa can reproduce asexually • One “parent” for reproduction • Called binary fission • During binary fission, one protozoan cell divides into two identical individuals.

5. KINGDOM PROTISTA • Inhabit aquatic (______) areas and terrestrial (_____) areas water land • Protists are classified into 12 Phyla which can be placed into 3 main groups plant-like fungus-like animal-like

6. Kingdom Protista

7. Animal-like protists Protozoans • All heterotrophs • classified by the 4 ways they move: 1) Cilia - tiny beating hair-like structures • Coordinated movement between individual cilia 2) Flagellum(a) - whip-like tail(s) • Back and forth wave motion

8. Animal-like protists • classified by the 4 ways they move: 3) Pseudopodia - projection of cytoplasm that sticks out like a foot(“false foot”) 4) Sessile - No locomotion (_________) movement

9. Animal-like protists - Examples 1. Amoeba • just visible to the naked eye • comes from the Greek word amoibe which means “change” • unicellular • moves by pseudopodia which give appearance of cell changing size and shape • aquatic - lives in ponds, ditches or slowly moving streams • can cause disease – amoebic dysentery • ingests small organisms like bacteria and other protozoans

10. Animal-like protists - Examples 1. Amoeba • feeding sequence • psuedopodia surround and engulf food particle • process called phagocytosis

11. Animal-like protists - Examples 2. Paramecium • Unicellular, slipper-shaped • move by coordinated beating of many cilia • aquatic - mostly found in ponds and streams • usually do not cause diseases in humans

12. Animal-like protists - Examples 2. Paramecium - continued • Feeding occursin the funnel-shaped gullet (buccal cavity) where food is drawn in by external and internal cilia to form food vacuole • ingests organic detritus and other small organisms like bacteria and other protozoans

13. Animal-like protists - Examples 2. Paramecium - continued • Food to waste pathway

14. Animal-like protists - Examples 2. Paramecium - continued • Reproduction 1. Binary fission (________) asexual nucleus N = F = Fission plane

15. Animal-like protists - Examples 2. Paramecium - continued • Reproduction 2. Conjugation (________) sexual • Form structure called conjugation tube to exchange genetic material

16. Animal-like protists: The Sporozoan Characteristics of Sporozoans (Animal-like) • Sporozoa do not move on their own • mostly common in tropical areas • protist that reproduce by forming spores • they are usually parasitic • sporozoans named Plasmodium causes malaria • its caused by female mosquitos • humans get malaria when bitten by an infected mosquito

17. SPOROZOAN CYCLE

18. PLANT-LIKE PROTIST • Have chlorophyll • Make their own food • They can live in 4 main environments: • soil • freshwater • tree bark • salt water • they produce large amounts of oxygen which are used by other living organisms • they are grouped according to color & stucture • into 5 main groups: 2) diatoms 3) dinoflagelletes 1) euglena 5) algae 4) red dinoflagellates

19. PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d A) Euglena D) Red Dinoflagellates B) Diatom E) Green Algae C) Dinoflagellates • they are grouped according to color & stucture

20. PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d A) Euglena- • one celled alga that moves with oneflagellum • lives in fresh water • reproduces asexually • red eyespotnear front end to find light…Why? • have chlorophyll and can make their own food ( ) autotroph

21. PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d A) Euglena Continued- contains disk-shaped chloroplasts • organelle is the site of photosynthesis and gets its name from the presence of the green pigments (the chlorophylls)

22. Think of a box with a lid PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d B) Diatom • beautiful one celled protists • come in many shapes • EX: boats, rods, disks, triangles • important food source for water dwelling animals • cell covering is made up of 2 overlapping parts • made of the same material as glass • cell coverings do not decay (when dead) • used for toothpaste, scouring powders, & filters

23. PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d C) Dinoflagellates • Algae that is usually found in oceans • Usually brown or red in color • Have hidden chlorophyll due to dark pigments • Move by two flagella

24. PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d Red Dinoflagellates • produce large numbers which turns the ocean red • responsible for “red tides” • produce chemicals that kill thousands of fish • humans can become ill if they eat shell fish that have absorbed these chemicals • common off the coast of Florida or other warmer areas

25.  Red Tide 

26. Absorbed red dinoflagellates  Red Tide Kills Fish  After encountering and absorbing a red tide..a stingray becomes disoriented. They have the appearance of not being able to see or control what they are doing. Eventually the ray will stay at the surface lying horizontally and die.

27. PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d spirogyra chlorella desmids E) Green Algae • Come in many different forms • can be unicellular or multicellular • they produce O2 in H2O • serve as food for fish, snails, and crayfish • usually found in “colonies” • Colony – a group of cells that live together

28. PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d Algae Examples • EX: volvox colony • Arranged in a single layer with flagella facing outward • The flagella beat and the colony spins through the water • EX: Kelp (brown algae) …aka….“sea weed” • used by humans for food • also used to thicken food such as ice cream and jelly

29. Mixed Algae

30. FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST Slime Molds: • fungus-like protists that are consumers • live in cool, damp places EX: forest floor • feed on bacteria growing on rotting logs and decaying leaves • some are parasites (very few)

31. FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST Life Cycle of Slime Molds: Step 1 – slimy mass that moves like an amoeba • beautiful colors of red, yellow, or violet Step 2 – stops growing and moving • produces spores inside a structure on a stalk Step 3 – spores develop into little cells w/ flagella • then each cell loses its flagella and grows into a slimy mass again

32. 1 3 2 Life Cycle of Slime Mold

33. Some questions you should be able to answer! 1) List the three main (groups) types of protists? 2) Give two examples of animal-like protists. 3) What are sporozoans? Give one example. 4) List the 3 structures protozoan use for locomotion. 5) List 5 plant-like protists? 6) Why are algae important? 7) Explain why red tides occur and what causes them.