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KINGDOM PROTISTA

KINGDOM PROTISTA. FYI: Overview. Cell number: Unicellular/Multicellular Cell type: Eukaryotic Nutrition: Autotrophs & Heterotrophs Habitat: Moist environments. Overview. Divided into three categories: animal-like plant-like fungus-like. Animal-like Protists.

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KINGDOM PROTISTA

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  1. KINGDOM PROTISTA

  2. FYI: Overview • Cell number: Unicellular/Multicellular • Cell type: Eukaryotic • Nutrition: Autotrophs & Heterotrophs • Habitat: Moist environments

  3. Overview • Divided into three categories: • animal-like • plant-like • fungus-like

  4. Animal-like Protists • Protozoa—single-celled microscopic organisms that can move independently FYI • Heterotrophic • Can be parasitic (live off other organisms, cause disease) • Live most anywhere that moisture is available

  5. Protozoa: Types of Locomotion (movement) 1. cilia—short, hair-like projections 2. flagella—long, whip-like “tails” 3. pseudopodia (“false feet”)—large, round cytoplasmic extensions that help move cell. They also surround and engulf food.

  6. Protozoa in the News Calvin and Hobbes (Bill Watterson)

  7. Types of Protozoa: Amoebas 1. Ameobas • Use pseudopodia • Shape constantly changes • Live in fresh or salt water, soil Amoeba engulfing a paramecium

  8. Types of Protozoa: Ciliates 2. Ciliates • Use cilia • Live in ponds, slow moving streams • Example: Paramecium Ciliated protozoan

  9. Types of Protozoa: Flagellates 3. Flagellates • Have 1 or more flagella • Live in lakes, ponds • Many are parasitic • Ex: Giardia lamblia (intestinal parasite)

  10. Types of Protozoa: Sporozoans 4. Sporozoans • Produce spores • Many adult forms have no locomotion • Many are parasitic, live in blood and tissue of host

  11. FYI: Plant-like Protists: Algae • Unicellular or multicellular ALGAE • Can be very large OR microscopic • Photoautotrophic, go through photosynthesis • Reasons why algae is not a plant: • Lack organs (don’t have leaves, roots, stems) • Different type of reproduction than plants

  12. Algae Phytoplankton—microscopic protists that live in water • Major source of food for ocean life • Major producer for food chain

  13. Unicellular Algae: Euglena • Have flagella • Live in fresh water • Contractile vacuole—gets rid of excess water (hypotonic environments)

  14. Euglena • Very flexible (no cell wall) • Usually photosynthetic, but can be heterotrophic • Has an eyespot—helps cell find light

  15. Unicellular Algae: Diatoms • Photosynthetic • Outer shells made of silica (glass-like material) • Release large amounts of oxygen • Diatomaceous earth—when diatoms die, they settle at the bottom of oceans. Build up over time into layers. Material used as abrasive in cleaning supplies and toothpaste

  16. Unicellular Algae: Dinoflagellates • Small, usually unicellular • Most photosyn., but can be heterotrophs • Tend to be yellow, green or red • Some are bioluminescent(glow)

  17. Dinoflagellates • Some produce “red tides” • release a toxin that kills fish and humans if we eat contaminated food

  18. Multicellular Algae: Red Algae • Ocean seaweed • Live in deep waters • Used as a food (nori)

  19. Multicellular Algae: Green Algae • Can be unicellular • Most diverse group of algae • Most live in fresh water, but can live in oceans, soil

  20. Green Algae • Some are colonial (many cells living together) • Ex. Volvox

  21. Multicellular Algae: Brown Algae • Usually in salt water • Large • Ex. Kelp

  22. FYI: Fungus-like Protists • 1st part of life cycle spent as an amoeba-like organisms • Later, they grow and look like a slimy, white/yellow mold • Can be seen without microscope Dog Vomit Mold

  23. Fungus-like Protists • Two types: • slime molds • water molds • Examples: • white “fuzz” on dead fish/leaves • Potato Blight that caused the Irish Potato Famine • All are DECOMPOSERS!

  24. Protists Reproduction 1. binary fission— asexual 2. conjugation— asexual 3. fragmentation—asexual; algae will break into pieces and each piece grows into a new individual

  25. Directions for the Protist Worksheet Follow these directions step-by-step!!! • Answer all questions about Euglena & Amoebas ONLY!!! • Label the Euglena (see p. 511) and the Paramecium (see p. 507)

  26. Amoebas • Can cause disease: • Amoebic dysentery--spread by contaminated food or water; causes severe intestinal problems; can be fatal

  27. Sporozoans • Ex: toxoplasmosis—why pregnant women should not change litterboxes • Plasmodium—causes malaria, spread by bite of female Anopheles mosquito

  28. KINGDOM FUNGI

  29. Overview • Eukaryotic • Can be uni- or multicellular • Heterotrophic always (they absorb nutrients) • Cell walls made of chitin (a tough polysaccharide)

  30. Structure • Hyphae—hair-like filaments of fungi that can group together to form larger structures

  31. Nutrition Fungi release enzymes that break down food outside of cells. Then, the fungi absorbs the nutrients from their surroundings

  32. How They Eat • Saprophyte—lives on dead organic (carbon-containing) matter • Parasite—absorbs nutrients from living cells

  33. How They Eat • Mutualistic—lives in a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship with another organism • ex: Lichens—organisms made of both an algae (protist) and a fungus. • Algae - provides energy through photosynthesis • Fungi - provides moisture/place to grow

  34. Uses of Fungi • Decomposers for environment • Make foods • Edible mushrooms, truffles • Bleu cheese • Breads and alcohols are made with yeast (a single celled fungus) • Medicines (ex: antibiotic Penicillin)

  35. Fungal Diseases • Human infections • Can cause severe respiratory illnesses • Infect hair, skin, nails • Athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm are caused by the same fungus that can grow in various locations.

  36. Fungal Infections • Plants • Some “blights” are caused by fungi • Almost all chestnut trees have been infected with a blight

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