Kingdom: Protista

1. Protists Kingdom: Protista Protists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.

2. Similar to Bacteria • Unicellular • One of the first groups of living things on Earth. (1.5 billion years ago.) • Microscopic • Can cause disease. • Can be parasites Same

3. Difference from Bacteria • Has a nucleus. • Live in watery environment. • Generally live as individual cells. • Protists vary greatly in appearance and function. Different

4. 3 Categories • I. Animal-like Protists. • II. Plant-like Protists. • III. Fungus-like Protists.

5. I. Animal-like Protists • Protozoan means “First Animal”. • Cells lack a cell wall. • Heterotrophs. • Most can move. Little Animals

6. 4 Groups of Animal-like Protists • 1. Sarcodines (SAHR-koh- dighnz) • 2. Ciliates (SIHL-ee-ihts) • 3. Flagellates (FLAJ- ehl-ihts) • 4. Sporozoans (spohr-oh-ZOH- uhnz)

7. 1. Sarcodines • Have pseudopods (Greek:“false foot”) • Extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm. • Pseudopods are used to move and capture food. • Many have shells. • These shells form limestone, marble and chalk.

8. Ex: Amoeba • Most familiar Sarcodine. • Pseudopods: • Blob shaped. • Contractile Vacuoles: controlsamount of water inside • Food Vacuole: where food is digested.

9. Split Personality • Amebas reproduce by dividing into two new cells (binary fission). • Amebas can respond to their environment. • They are sensitive to light and some chemicals.

10. 2. Ciliates • Have cilia on the outside of their cells. • Tiny hair-like projections used for movement, to gather food and as feelers.

11. Ex: Paramecium • Slipper shaped • Oral groove: like the mouth • Gullet: holds food. • Food Vacuole: digests food. • Anal Pore: removes wastes • 2 Contractile Vacuoles • 2 Nuclei • Reproduces by either binary fission or conjugation.

12. 3. Flagellates (Zooflagellates) • Have a Flagellum: a long whip-like structure used for movement. • Many live in animals

13. 4. Sporozoans • All Sporozans are parasites. • They feed on cells and body fluids. • Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells). • Pass from one host to another. • Pass from ticks, mosquitoes or other animals to humans.

14. II. Plant-like Protists(Algae) • Unicellular & Multicellular • Colonies (groups of unicellular protists) • Can move on their own • Autotrophs: 70% of the Earth’s oxygen is produced by Plant-like Protists!

15. 6 Groups of Plant like Protists • Euglenoids (yoo-GLEE-noydz) • Diatoms (DIGH-ah-tahmz) • Dinoflagellates (digh-noh-FLAJ-eh-layts) • Red Algae • Green Algae • Brown Algae

16. 1. Euglenoids • Live in fresh water • Autotrophic and Heterotrophic at the same time. • Flagella • Eyespot: sensitive to light.

17. Ex. Euglena • Have a flagellum to move to find food, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis if they can’t find food! • Have a contractile vacuole to pump out excess water.

18. 2. Diatoms • Unicellular • 10,000 living species. • Glass like cell wall • Diatomaceous earth: course powder that comes from dead diatoms (toothpaste, car polish & reflective paint.

19. 3. Dinoflagellates • Cell walls are like plates of armor. • Two flagella • Spins when it moves. • Colorful (pigments) • Can glow in the dark. • Causes Red Tide

20. Red tides explained

21. Red Algae • Multicellular seaweeds • Live in deep ocean waters • Used for ice cream and hair conditioner • Used as food in Asia

22. Green Algae • Most are unicellular • Some form colonies • Few are multicellular • Can live in fresh and salt water and on land in damp places. • Very closely related to green plants.

23. Brown Algae • Commonly called seaweed • Can contain brown, green, yellow, orange and black pigments. • Attach to rocks • Have air bladders • Giant Kelp can be 100 meters long! • Used as food thickeners

24. III. Fungus-like Protists • Heterotrophs with cell walls. • Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their lives. • Three types: Slime Molds, Water & Downy Molds • Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism)

25. Water & Downy Molds • Tiny threads that look like fuzz. • Attack food crops • Caused the Irish Potato Famine.

26. Slime Molds Type: • Reproduce by Fruiting Bodies with spores • Feed on bacteria and other microorganisms.

27. Kingdom Fungi • Athlete’s foot, Blue cheese dressing, Mushrooms and more!

28. The Characteristics of Fungi • Some unicellular • Most are multicellular • Have tube-like strands called hyphae

29. The Characteristics of Fungi • Feed on dead tissues or organic waste (decomposers) • Symbionts - mutually beneficial relationship between a fungus and another organism • Parasites - feeding on living tissue of a host. 

30. Fungi as Parasites & Pathogens

31. Fungi as Symbionts (Mutualism)

32. Fungi as Saprobes /Decomposers

33. Fungi growth Have gills with millions of spores in them.

34. Reproduce by spores • Spores are reproductive cells • Sexual (meiotic in origin) • Asexual (mitotic in origin) • Formed Directly on hyphae • Inside Fruiting bodies Penicillium hyphae with conidia Pilobolus sporangia Amanita fruiting body

35. HUMAN-FUNGUS INTERACTIONS • Beneficial Effects of Fungi • Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling. • Biosynthetic factories. Can be used to produce drugs, antibiotics, alcohol, acids, food (e.g., fermented products, mushrooms). • Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies. • Harmful Effects of Fungi • Destruction of food, lumber, paper, and cloth. • Animal and human diseases, including allergies. • Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms and within food (e.g., grain, cheese, etc.). • Plant diseases.