Technology Guide 1 Computer Hardware

1. Technology Guide 1Computer Hardware M213 Introduction to Information Systems and Technology

2. Computer Hardware Outline Today’s Outline Computer Hardware 1 Introduction 2 The Central Processing Unit 3 Computer Memory 4 Input and Output Technologies 6 Strategic Hardware Issues 7 Computer Hierarchy 8 Innovations in Hardware Utilization 2

3. Learning Objectives • Identify and understand hardware components: • Design and functioning of the central processing unit • Describe primary and secondary storage (understand the differences in storage, speed, cost and capacity) • Types of input and output technologies (including uses) • Understand the strategic issues faced by organizations • Understand the hierarchy of computers including their power and role in the organization • Define enterprise storage including the various types. 3

4. 1 Introduction What does hardware mean to you? 4

5. 1 Introduction • Hardware consists of….. • Central Processing Unit • Primary Storage • Secondary Storage • Communication Technologies • Input and Output Technologies 5

6. How computers processes information CPU & Storage Input & Output 6

7. How computers processes information Primary Memory Central Processing Unit Secondary Memory 7

8. 2 CPU (Central Processing Unit) • Designed to perform the actual computation or “number crunching” inside the computer. • Microprocessor • Control Unit • Arithmetic-logic Unit (ALU) • Registers 8

9. 2 How the CPU works 9

10. 2 How the CPU works 10

11. 2 CPU and Moore’s Law • Microprocessor complexity would double every two years. 11

12. 3 Memory - Where do we store information? Memory Capacity 3.1 Primary Storage – handles small amounts of information to be used immediately by the CPU (internal) 3.2 Secondary Storage – stores larger amounts for extended periods of time (can be both internal or external) 12

13. 3 Memory 13

14. 3.1 Primary Storage Register RAM Cache ROM • Stores these types of information for short periods of time: • Data to be processed by the CPU • Instructions for the CPU as to how to process the data • Operating system programs that manage various aspects of the computer’s operation. 14

15. 3.2 Secondary Storage Stores very large amounts of data for extended periods of time Types: 1. Magnetic Tape (Sequential Access) 2. Magnetic Disks (Direct Access) 15

16. 3.2 Additional Types of Secondary Storage Secondary storage then…. Magnetic Cartridges (400MB) Floppy Disks (up to 1.44 MB) Paper Tape used for data storage 16

17. 3.2 Additional Types of Secondary Storage Secondary storage now…. Flash memory devices and thumb drives (GBs) Optical Storage (CD – 700 MB, DVD – 4.7 GB) External Hard Drives (TBs) 17

18. 4 Input and Output Technologies • Now that we know about computers available, how do we access them and view information... • 4.1 Input Technologies • Human Data-Entry • Source-Data Automation • 4.2Output Technologies • Monitors • Printers 18

19. 4.1 Input Technologies – Human Input • Input technologies then…. The “original” mouse One of the first apple computers A punch card for mainframe processing 19

20. 4.1 Input Technologies – Human Input • Input technologies now…. 20

21. 4.1 Input Technologies – Human Input • Input technologies to come…. Microsoft Surface Computing offers a new interface for users Microsoft multi-touch screen Gesture Sensing 21

22. 4.1 Input Technologies – Human Input Longest multi-touch wall – Hard Rock Las Vegas 22

23. 4.2 Output Technologies Output devices then.. Early IBM monitor from the 80’s First laser printer – IBM 3800 23

24. 4.2 Output Technologies Output devices now.. LG High Definition Monitors E-Readers iPad Laser Printers 24

25. 5 Strategic Hardware Issues • What do organizations need to consider when thinking about hardware? • How do they keep pace with advancements? • How often should they upgrade? • Will upgrading increase productivity? • How do we assess this increase in productivity? • How are organizations structured? • What are the needs of the organization? • Do employees telecommute? What type of devices are needed? • Will they work within the current environment of hardware being used within the organization? 25

26. 5 Enterprise Storage Systems • An independent, external system with intelligence that includes two or more storage devices. Compared to consumer storage: • Scalability • Reliability • Higher price • More fault tolerance • Three types of enterprise storage: • Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks (RAID) • Storage Area Network (SAN) • Network Attached Storage (NAS) 26

27. 6 Computer Hierarchy Processing Power High Lower • What should a company choose? • Supercomputers • Mainframe Computers • Midrange Computers • Workstations • Notebooks and Desktop Computers • Ultra-Mobile PCs 27

28. 6 Supercomputers Now: NASA operates the 6th largest supercomputer in the world, processing at 973 trillion operations per second. Then: 1976 introduction of Cray1, one of the first supercomputers 28

29. 6 Mainframes & Midrange Computers Midrange Computers: Falling between mainframes and micro computers, most midrange computers today function as servers. Mainframe Computers: IBM Z-Series mainframe handles processing for many users. Used when companies want centralized processing power and storage 29

30. 6 Workstations, Desktops, Laptops Desktops: Lenovo H200 Laptops: Many companies are choosing to provide laptops in order to accommodate telecommuting, consulting, and client-side visits. Workstation: HPZ400 Workstation 30

31. 6 Ultramobile PC New class of computing defined as: “A mobile device with a diagonal screen size of 4” – 10” running any OS and supporting more than one computing/communication function*.” * From the Ultramobile PC website: http://www.umpc.com/history-definitions.html 31

32. 6 Mobile Technologies Mobile Technologies 32

33. 7 Innovations in Hardware Utilization • Here are some of the innovations that organizations must decide on… • Server Farms • Virtualization • Grid Computing • Utility Computing • Cloud Computing • Edge Computing • Autonomic Computing 33