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CHAPTER THREE CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

CHAPTER THREE CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. Keystone Anchors. BIO.A.1.2.1 Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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CHAPTER THREE CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

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  1. CHAPTER THREE CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

  2. Keystone Anchors • BIO.A.1.2.1 Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. • BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms) • BIO.A.4.1.1 Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell. • BIO.A.4.1.2 Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport—diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport—pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis). • BIO.A.4.1.3 Describe how membrane‐bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell.

  3. Vocabulary • Isotonic • Organ • Organ system • Osmosis • Passive transport • Prokaryotic • Tissue • Active transport • Diffusion • Endocytosis • Eukaryotic • Exocytosis • Hypertonic • Hypotonic

  4. Vocabulary –Cell parts • Golgi body • Lysosomes • Mitochondria • Nucleus • Nucleolus • Ribosomes • Vacuoles • Vesicle • Cell membrane • Cell wall • Centrioles • Chloroplasts • Chromosomes • Cytoplasm • Endoplasmic reticulum

  5. Why So Small?Describe why you think cells are so small? Process Box

  6. Cells are small! • Most cells are about 1/500 the size of a period. • Almost all cells are too small to see without the aid of a microscope. • However the invention of the compound microscopes didn’t come until the late 1500’s • Compound microscopes contain 2 or more lenses • Total magnification is the product of the magnifying power of each individual lens

  7. Discovery of Cells • In 1665 Robert Hooke used a 3-lens compound microscope to examine thin slices of cork. • He observed that cork is made of tiny, hollow compartments. • He gave them the name “cells” • Hooke was only looking at cell walls & empty space.

  8. Discovery of Cells, cont. • Anton van Leeuwenhoek was studying new lens-making methods to examine cloth. • This resulted in powerful single-lens microscopes • In 1674 he observed living single-celled organisms swimming in pond water • Named these cells: “animalcules”

  9. Discovery of Cells, cont. • Microscopes and lens-design continued to advance, which led to greater magnification • This led more people to make more observations on more organisms. • They saw a wide variety of cells, shapes, & cells dividing • Led to the questions: “Is all living matter made of cells?”, & “Where do cells come from?”

  10. Cell Theory • In 1838 Matthias Schleiden proposed that plants are made of cells. • Theodor Schwann was studying animal cells • Schwann was struck by similarities between plant & animal cells, concluded all animals are made of cells. • In 1839 he proposed the 1st part of cell theory: All living things are made of cells & cell products

  11. Cell Theory, cont. • Schwann stated that cells form spontaneously by free-cell formation. • This led scientists to study the process of cell division • They concluded part of Schwann’s theory was wrong • In 1855 Rudolf Virchow, reported all cells come from preexisting cells 2014 Nobel Prize

  12. CONTRIBUTORS TO THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS HOOKE LEEUWENHOEK _____________ SCHLEIDEN SCHWANN VIRCHOW _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ • Cell Theory CORK ANIMALCULES Made better ______________ and observed cells in greater ______________. First to observe ______________ Concluded that all ___________ ___________ were made up of ___________ Proposed that all cells come from ____________ __________ The first to ____________ cells. Responsible for ____________ them LENSES The first to note that _____________ were made up of ___________ LIVING THINGS IDENTIFY OTHER CELLS PLANTS NAMING DETAIL CELLS CELLS NUCLEUS

  13. Ted -ed CELL THEORY ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF LIFE. ALL EXISTING CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY OTHER LIVING CELLS • ___________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________

  14. Categories of Cells

  15. Eukaryotes NUCLEUS • Have a ______________ • Contain membrane-bound _____________ • The nucleus encloses the ___________ • May be ___________ or ______________ ORGANELLES DNA SINGLE-CELLULAR MULTI-CELLULAR

  16. Video Prokaryotes • Prokaryotic cells do not have a __________ • No membrane-bound _______________ • ___________is suspended within cytoplasm • Are microscopic, ____________organisms NUCLEUS ORGANELLES DNA SINGLE-CELLED

  17. PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC?

  18. EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

  19. -Plants -Animals -Protists -Single/multi celled -bacteria -always single celled

  20. TYPE II • What are the differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells? How can you remember the difference?

  21. SECTION 3.1 REVIEW • How did improvements in the microscope help scientists form cell theory? • How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ? • Today, scientists can study human cells growing in petri dishes. Explain how this technique builds on the work of early scientists. 4. In what ways are cells similar to atoms? The microscope enabled the scientists to first ‘SEE’ the cells so they could be studied further. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles. Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and organelles. The fact that scientists can grow cells in petri dishes is because they recognize that cells come from other cells. Both have a nucleus.

  22. Make PredictionsThink about your body. List the functions that your body must be able to perform in order for you to survive. Process Box

  23. Cell ComparisonStudy the cells on the board, what characteristics sets the two types of cells apart? • Process Box:

  24. ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL http://www.johnkyrk.com/CellIndex.html

  25. CELL MEMBRANE PLASMA MEMBRANE Video __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ The outer most side of an animal cell, that gives the cell shape and holds in cytoplasm. (Also contains pores to allow some particles to move in and out of the cell.) CELL MEMBRANE _______________ _______________

  26. CYTOPLASM The clear, jellylike material between the cell membrane and the nucleus that makes up most of the cell (Most of all cell activity occurs here.) ________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ CYTOPLASM _______________

  27. NUCLEUS The control center of the cell. Parts of the Nucleus: Nuclear Membrane: The membrane that surrounds the nucleus. Nuclear Pores: allow some particles to move in and out of the nucleus Nucleolus Chromosomes ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ _______________ NUCLEUS

  28. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE The membrane that surrounds the nucleus. ________________________________________ Nuclear Membrane in Green NUCLEAR MEMBRANE ______________________________ NUCLEAR PORES ______________________________

  29. CHROMOSOMES Thread-like cell parts with information that determines what traits a living thing will have. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Chromosomes in Red CHROMOSOMES _______________

  30. NUCLEOLUS HELPS MAKE RIBOSOMES. ________________________________________ NUCLEOLUS _______________

  31. RIBOSOMES MAKES PROTEINS FOR THE BODY. FOUND ON ENDOPLASMICE RETICULUM AND THROUGHOUT CYTOPLASM _____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ RIBOSOMES _______________

  32. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Moves cell materials from cell membrane to nuclear membrane and visa versa. (Can usually find ribosomes on this network.) ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM _______________ _______________

  33. INTERPRETING DIAGRAMSHow can you tell the difference between the locations of the cell membrane compared to the nuclear membrane? How can you tell the difference between the locations of the nucleus compared to the nucleolus? • Process Box:

  34. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Rough vs Smooth

  35. MITOCHONDRIA Responsible for supplying ENERGY to the cell. __________________________________________________________________________ ____________ MITOCHONDRIA

  36. LYSOSOMES Helps digest, (break down), waste materials of cell. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________ LYSOSOMES

  37. GOLGI APPARATUS Packages materials for the cell. _______________________________________ Animation GOLGI APPARATUS ______________ ______________

  38. CENTRIOLES Parts of an ANIMAL cell that help with cell REPRODUCTION ____________________________________________

  39. VACUOLE Stores food and water for cell _______________________________________ ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Contains many small vacuoles _______________________________________________________________________________________ Contains one large “central vacuole that takes up most of the space inside of a plant cell ____________________________ ________ VACUOLE

  40. ANIMAL CELL DIAGRAM Label the organelles of this animal cell. • _________________ • _________________ • _________________ • _________________ • _________________ • _________________ • _________________ • _________________ • _________________ • _________________ • _________________ • _________________ • _________________ • NUCLEOLUS • NUCLEUS • RIBOSOMES • VESICLE • ROUGH ER • GOLGI BODIES • CELL MEMBRANE • SMOOTH ER • MITOCHONDRIA • VACUOLE • CYTOPLASM • LYSOSOME • CENTRIOLES

  41. CELL WALL The outer most side of an plant cell, (surrounds the cell membrane), that gives the cell structure, and a specific shape. (More rigid than cell membrane.) _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ____________ CELL WALL

  42. CHLOROPLAST Inner life of cell The plant cell parts that contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which are responsible for producing food. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CHLOROPLASTS ______________________

  43. Plant CellsThere are four distinct differences between plant cells and animal cells. List each difference and describe how its role and/or how it differs from animal cells. • Process Box:

  44. 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 10. ____________________ 9. ____________________ 4. ____________________ 8. ____________________ 5. ____________________ 7. ____________________ 6. ____________________

  45. 2. ____________ 3. ____________ 1. ____________ 8. ____________ 4. ____________ 7. ____________ 6. ____________ 5. ____________

  46. 1._____________ 2._____________ 12.__________ 3._____________ 4._____________ 5._________ 6._________ 7.________ 9._____________ 8._____________ 10.___________ 11.___________ 12._______

  47. 3._________ 1.____________ 4._________ 6._________ 2.____________ 5._________ 7._________ 8._________ 9._________ 10.___________ 12.___________ 11.___________

  48. 2._________________ 1._____________ 3.__________ 4.______________ 5.______________ 6.________________ 7._________________

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