NEMO-SN1 observatory developments in view of the European Research Infrastructures

1. INGV NEMO-SN1 observatory developments in view of the European Research Infrastructures EMSO and KM3NET Paolo Favali(1), Laura Beranzoli (1), Francesco Italiano (2), Emilio Migneco (3), Mario Musumeci (3), Riccardo Papaleo (3) on behalf of NEMO Collaboration (1) Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) - Roma 2 Dept. (2) Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) - Palermo Dept. (3)Laboratori Nazionali del Sud - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)

2. NEMO-SN1 The 1st cabled prototype node for EMSO and test site for KM3NET INGV Optical sensors Electronic vessels MoU (2001): Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) & Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) East Sicily (Western Ionian Sea) Favali et al, 2006a; Migneco et al., 2006 Synergy between the 2 ESFRIinfrastructure KM3NET and EMSO

3. 1908 1169 -1693 Why seafloor observatory node in East Sicily ? One of the most seismogenic areas of Mediterranean Some of the major eartquakes generated strong tsunamis

4. 213 events Southern Calabria Mt. Etna bilateral eruption Continent-ocean boundary Malta Escarpment Deep Ionian Basin (subduction) (2002-2003) SN1 1st stand-alone experiment 2002-2003 East Sicily seismicity not-recorded inland Sgroi et al., 2007

5. Z Z N N E E T T a b 200 s Z E N NEMO-SN1 real-time cabled observatory Off-shore Peloponnesus (Greece, Feb. 14, 2008): a) MW=6.9; b) MW=6.2 Mw=8.6 off-shore Sumatra (March 28, 2005)

6. ETNA Activity

7. East Sicily TS infrastructure LNS-INFN Catania Installation at > 2000 m depth Test Site North (TSN) INGV Radio Link (32 Mbps) 5 km 20 km 5 km NEMO JB LNS Test Site Laboratory at Catania harbour Test Site South (TSS)

8. East Sicily TS North Frame deployment SN1 connection • TSN Frame and SN1 deployments • SN1 recovery for refurbishment • 2010 SN1 re-deployment (ESONET LIDO-DM) SN1 recovery SN1 (2005-2008) Sensors 3-C broad-band seismometer; Hydrophone (geophysics); Gravity meter; Scalar magnetometer; 3-C single point current meter; CTD

9. East Sicily TS South Frame with ODE NEMO Phase-1 tower Junction Box • TSS Frame and ODE installation • 2006 Junction Box (JB) and NEMO Phase 1 deployment • Junction Box recovery for maintenance • JB re-deployment. ODE recovery for refurbishment • 2010 LIDO installation (ESONET LIDO-DM) Experiments Sensors ODE 4 hydrophones NEMO Phase 1 16 optical modules, CTD, ADCP

10. East Sicily TS new payload * tsunami early warning system ** 96 kHz at TSN, 192 kHz at TSS 5-7 Oct. 2009 All Regions Workshop #2

11. East Sicily TS infrastructure (new configuration) Installation at > 2000 m depth LNS-INFN Catania: main storage unit; servers; 1 Gbps connection to internet LIDO TS North Test Site North New ! CREEP of UCL 5 km Radio Link (30 Mbps) LIDO TS South 20 km 5 km LNS Test Site Laboratory at Catania harbour: shore data acquisition system; local storage unit NEMO JB Test Site South

12. East-Sicily: CREEP undersea deformation lab Study of accelerations preceeding crustal failure CREEP 10-6 10-9 10-22 10-25

13. INGV Structural Funds: POR Sicily 2000-2006 PotEnziamento di reti Geofisiche e Ambientali Sottomarine (enhancement of geophysical and environmental submarine networks)

14. Main objectives • Realise handling systems • to service NEMO-SN1 • to become NEMO-SN1 an “open lab” to host other marine experiments Deep-Sea Shuttle Abyssal station ROV

15. PEGASO handling systems ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) with manipulators and 200-m tether for horizontal movements (operative depth 4000 m) DSS (Deep-Sea Shuttle) vehicle for safe deployment/ recovery of ROV garage and heavy platforms (up to 30 kN, operative depth 4000 m)

16. Deep-Sea Shuttle

17. ROV SeaEye Cougar [3500-m dive test at the end of 2009]

18. NEMO-SN1 The 1st cabled prototype node for EMSO and test site for KM3NET INGV Optical sensors Electronic vessels MoU (2001): Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) & Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) East Sicily (Western Ionian Sea) Favali et al, 2006a; Migneco et al., 2006 Synergy between the 2 ESFRIinfrastructure KM3NET and EMSO

20. S N GB IR NL D F I P E GR TU EMSO, a Research Infrastructure of theESFRI Roadmap (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures),is the European network of seafloor observatories (cabled & acoustically linked), constituting a distributed infrastructure for long-term (mainly) real-time monitoring of environmental processes related to ecosystems, global changes and geo-hazards to study also the interactions between geo-, bio- and hydro-sphere In the EC-FP7 EMSO Preparatory Phase (12 countries) started in April 2008 for 4 years, with the aim to design and create the legal entity in charge of the infrastructure

21. What do Seafloor Observatories need for? • To study the Earth as an integrated system: geo- bio- hydro-sphere • To provide long time series for the study of multiple, interrelated processes to highlight temporal scale and variability of the phenomena • “Illuminating the Hidden Planet. The future of Seafloor Observatory Science”, • NRC - National Research Council, National Academy Press, • Washington D.C., 2000

22. Scientific Themes • Role of the Ocean in Climate • Turbulent mixing and Biophysical interactions • Ecosystem dynamics and Biodiversity • Fluids and Life in the Ocean Crust • Dynamics of lithosphere and Imaging Earth’s interior http://www.oceanleadership.org/ocean_observing

23. Mantle convection magma chambers hydrothermalism geodetic spreading EQ faults Time & Space scales of major ocean and earth processes Redrawn from figure courtesy of Dudley Chelton, Oregon State University (see also Dichey & Chang, 2001)

24. Interdisciplinary research priorities • • Physical oceanography • water mass characterisation, water column processes, thermodynamics, ice cover, climatology, and impacts on climate change • • Biogeochemistry • global carbon cycle and elemental cycling within the ocean through both physical and biological processes, and ocean acidification • Marine ecology • distribution and abundance of sea life, ocean productivity, biodiversity, ecosystem function, living resources, and climate feedbacks • Geosciences • transfer from Earth’s interior to the crust, hydrosphere and biosphere, fluid flow and gas seepage through sediments and gas hydrate, non-living resources, sediment transfer to deep-sea and climate change • Geo-hazards • earthquake and tsunami hazard, volcanic hazard, slope instability and failure

25. What are seafloor observatory? Unmanned, multi-sensor platforms at a fixed site with long-term(years) operative life, potentiality to make measurements from above the air-sea interface to below the seafloor, and with different configurations related to the communications and power: 1) Stand-alone: power with battery packs and limited capacity of data transmission (e.g., data capsules or acoustic link from the surface) 2)Acoustically linked:communication by acoustics to an infrastructure (e.g., moored buoy, another observatory) 3)Buoy connected: physically moored to a surface buoy 4) Cabled:power supply and real-time data transmission (e.g., retired, dedicated or shared cables devoted to other scientific activities)

26. Configurations of observatory buoy connected cabled

27. MODUS GEOSTAR Acoustically linked observatory GEOSTARGEophysical and Oceanographic STation for Abyssal Research Beranzoli et al., 1998; Beranzoli, Favali & Smriglio (eds.), Dev. Mar. Tech., 12, Elsevier, 2002; Favali et al, 2006b; Favali & Beranzoli, 2006; 2009b GEOSTAR buoy

28. Long-Term, Real-Time Cabled Observatories DONET (Japan) ● ● ● ● MACHO (Taiwan) ● ● ● MARS (USA) NEPTUNE (Canada) OOI (USA) VENUS (Canada) ● ● ● EMSO ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

29. Impact • Public Policy • Environmental • Resources • Public health and safety • Security Economic Development • Growth of marine technology industry • Innovative technologies • Tourism Education and Public Engagement

30. Benefits for the Society Natural hazard mitigation (earthquakes, tsunamis) Understanding climate changes Marine environment preservation and sustainable development Strong impact on SMEs in marine technologies Potential involvement of the oil companies and biotecnology industries Impact on education and job creation opportunities

31. Short-term: The EMSO Preparatory Phase will create the legal governance to establish and manage the infrastructure In most of the EMSO sites permanent structures are under development Long-term: Multidisciplinary time series (sub-seafloor, seafloor and water column) to study Ecosystems, Global changes, Earth Sciences and Geo-hazards and for Environment protection Platform for data access and management Marine component of GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) and GEOSS (Global Earth Observation System of Systems) Perspectives

32. Running S&T activities Permanent infrastructures Test sites (shallow water) Status of the Sites

33. SIOS Synergies with other ESFRI Infrastructures

34. Synergies between the ESFRI Infrastructures & • Sharing facilities (e.g., cables, junction boxex, handling systems, logistics) • New developments in marine technology and sensors • Approach to newly scientific themes of common interest • Impact on education and job creation opportunities (i.e. new expertises ) • EMSO as reference project for the “Associated Sciences”

35. Thank you for your attention Paolo Favali (on behalf of the other Authors) EMSO-PP Co-ordinator emsopp@ingv.it