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The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy

Explore the evolution of the federal bureaucracy from the Civil War to modern times, its structure, and key roles in policy-making and accountability. Discover the impact of historical events like the World Wars on government growth and the shift from the spoils system to the merit system. Learn about the roles of bureaucrats and the various agencies, departments, and regulatory bodies shaping policies and regulations in the federal government.

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The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy

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  1. 8 The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy

  2. Video: The Big Picture 8 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/OConner_Ch08_Executive_Branch_and_Federal_Bureaucracy_Seg1_v2.html

  3. 8 LearningObjectives Trace the growth and development of the federal bureaucracy 8.1 Describe modern bureaucracies, and outline the structure of the modern bureaucracy 8.2

  4. Video: The Basics 8 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg2_Bureaucracy_v2.html

  5. Roots of the FederalBureaucracy 8.1 • The Civil War and the Growth of Government • From the Spoils System to the Merit System • Regulating Commerce • The World Wars and the Growth of Government

  6. The Civil War and the Growth of Government Civil War changes Creation of the Department of Agriculture Creation of the Pension Office Authorization of thousands more employees Permanent changes to the bureaucracy 8.1

  7. From the Spoils System to the Merit System 8.1 • Patronage system (“spoils system”) • Federal jobs given to loyal supporters • Merit system • Jobs given according to ability • Civil Service system • Current system based on merit

  8. 8.1 Which president popularized the spoils system?

  9. Regulating Commerce 8.1 • Growth of big business • Unfair business practices • Additional departments • Reaction to railroad shipping rates • Protect workers and small businesses from big businesses • Sixteenth Amendment • Federal income tax

  10. The World Wars and the Growth of Government 8.1 • Franklin D. Roosevelt • Social programs during Depression • World War II veterans benefits • G.I. Bill, housing • Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation

  11. 8.1 FIGURE 8.1: How many employees work in the federal executive branch?

  12. 8.1 How did World War II change government?

  13. The Modern Bureaucracy 8.2 • Who Are Bureaucrats? • Formal Organization • Government Workers and Political Involvement

  14. Who Are Bureaucrats? 8.2 • Covered by the Civil Service System • 90-percent of federal employees • Not covered by the Civil Service System • 10-percent of federal employees • Turnover • High in some agencies, low in others

  15. 8.2 FIGURE 8.2: What are the federal agency regions, and where are their headquarters located?

  16. Formal Organization 8.2 • Cabinet departments • Independent executive agencies • More Specific • Independent regulatory commissions • Regulates Nuclear power • Government corporations

  17. 8.2 FIGURE 8.3: What are the Cabinet departments?

  18. 8.2 What do government corporations do?

  19. Video: In the Real World 8.2 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg5_Bureaucracy_v2.html

  20. Government Workers and Political Involvement 8.2 • Hatch Act • Limits federal employees’ political activities • Amendments to Hatch Act • Rules relaxed somewhat

  21. 8.2 TABLE 8.1 What does the Hatch Act stipulate?

  22. How the Bureaucracy Works 8.3 • Making Policy • Rule Making • Administrative Adjudication

  23. 8.3 FIGURE 8.4: What constitutes an iron triangle?

  24. Making Policy 8.3 • Rule making • Quasi-legislative process • Regulations have force of law • Administrative adjudication • Quasi-judicial process

  25. Video: In Context 8.3 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg3_Bureaucracy_v2.html

  26. 8.3 FIGURE 8.5 How is a regulation made?

  27. 8.3 TABLE 8.2 How many comments do agencies receive on proposed rules?

  28. Toward Reform: Making Agencies Accountable 8.4 • Executive Control • Congressional Control • Judicial Control

  29. Executive Control 8.4 • Delegating Powers • Challenges with agency responsiveness • Reorganizing the Bureaucracy • Needs Congressional approval • Executive Orders • Directions to agencies that have the force of law

  30. Congressional Control 8.4 • Confirms president’s picks for agency heads • Can approve or reject • Oversight and Investigations • Proactive or reactive • Power of the purse • Controls the budget

  31. 8.4 Table 8.3: How are agencies made accountable?

  32. Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist 8.4 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg4_Bureaucracy_v2.html

  33. 8.4 How does government oversee environmental disasters?

  34. Judicial Control 8.4 • Injunctions or orders • Even before a rule is publicized • Requires due process • Individuals can litigate • Specialized courts • Have expertise in certain issues

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