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What is Phonetics?

What is Phonetics?. Phonetics is the study of the speech sounds that occur in all languages. Two aspects of Phonetics that we will discuss: The physiology of sound production: The human vocal mechanism and the speech sound production.

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What is Phonetics?

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  1. What is Phonetics?

  2. Phonetics is the study of the speech sounds that occur in all languages

  3. Two aspects of Phonetics that we will discuss: The physiology of sound production: The human vocal mechanism and the speech sound production

  4. Description of the sounds of English:Consonants: Place of articulation Manner of articulation Voicing

  5. Description of Vowels:Tongue HeightTongue Advancement(frontness) Lip Rounding

  6. Phonemes: Speech sounds that distinguish one word from the other:Bat vs. matBack vs. bad

  7. Our knowledge of phonetics tends to be tacit or unconscious Mispronounce foreign words adjust their pronunciation according to the native inventory of sounds Decide if certain sequences of sounds are permissible in one’s language. Tip , pit, *itp, *tpi

  8. Phonetic Transcription: sound and not writing. speech is primary manifestation of language writing is secondary.

  9. The misfit between sound and spelling in English spelling bees, spelling lists

  10. Spelling inconsistencies are of three types: Fewer or more sounds in a word than the spelling would suggestgnome, comb, light, night

  11. A single sound represented by a variety of spellingsrough, roof, floor, photo

  12. A letter representing several different soundscat, city, bus, busy

  13. The Phonetic Alphabet:Example: International Phonetic Alphabet

  14. The Phonetic Alphabets share three characteristics:Each symbol = one and only one speech soundEach sound = one and only one symbolThe number of sounds = the number of symbols. Car [kar] keep [kip] Gnome [nom] knee [ni]

  15. When words are written in phonetic symbols, they are said to be transcribed phonetically. bat [bæt] boat [bot] keep [kip] pail [pel] soot [sut] knight [najt]

  16. Larynx • Two sheets of elastic tissue (vocal cords) • Two positions of the vocal cords: relaxed and spread relatively far apart— voiceless sounds tensed and drawn close together—voicedsounds • The space between the vocal cords--the glottis

  17. Let’s try to produce voiced and voiceless sounds Initial sounds of pairs of words listed below pin bin fan van thin then ten den gap cap sue zoo mat hat

  18. bilabial pat bat mat

  19. Labio-dental: few and view

  20. Interdental: thin, that

  21. Alveolar: ton, dawn, net, sea, zeal, leaf, reef

  22. Alveo-Palatal: shoes, leisure, chair, judge, you

  23. Velar: king, king, we, gum

  24. Glottal: him

  25. Manner of Articulation • Stop: pit, bit, tip, dip, keep, gum

  26. Nasal stop: met, net, king

  27. Fricative: few, view, sea, zeal, shoes, leisure, this, that

  28. Affricate: chair, judge

  29. Glide: you, we, house

  30. Liquid: leaf, reef

  31. Vowels • a class of unobstructed speech sounds. • essential part of a syllable. • described in terms of : Tongue height: High, Mid, or Low Tongue advancement: Front, Central, or Back Lip rounding: Rounded or Unrounded (Spread) Tense or lax

  32. Syllabic Consonants • Liquids and nasals that can constitute separate syllable • Examples: • Rhythm, button, prism, bottle

  33. Sonorants • Liquids, glides, nasals, and vowels

  34. Obstruents • nonnasal stops, fricatives, and affricates

  35. Suprasegmental features • Inherent properties part of all sounds regardless of their place or manner of articulation • Three main suprasegmental features are: • Pitch • Length • Stress

  36. Pitch • Depends on the vibration of the vocal cords • Faster vibration of the cords—high pitch • Women and children—smaller larynx and shorter vocal cords vibrate faster • High-pitched voice than men

  37. Two types of languages based on pitch • Tone languages: Differences in word meanings are signaled by differences in pitch Mandarin Chinese: ma (falling pitch) means ‘scold’ ma ( high rising pitch) means ‘mother’ ma (fall and rise pitch) ‘horse’ ma (mid rising pitch) ‘hemp’

  38. Intonation: Pitch movement not related to differences in word meaning. • English—car (with a rising pitch) has no meaning contrast from car (with a lower pitch)

  39. Falling pitch at the end of a statement –complete • John parked the car

  40. Rising pitch at the end of a statement—incomplete (question) • John is here. • We have an exam today.

  41. WH-questions do not end in rising intonation • Margo? Is that you? • Counting numbers • A: John is stupid • Intonation for disagreeing

  42. Gradually falling pitch • Rising pitch • Abruptly falling pitch • Rising and falling pitch You know (basic, question, assertion, insistence)

  43. Length: • The articulation of certain vowels and consonants are longer relative to other consonants and vowels • Length is indicated by a colon • Italian, German, Hungarian, Japanese, Finnish and Cree

  44. Japanese [i] ‘stomach’ [i:] ‘good’ [kuki] ‘stem’ [ku:ki] ‘air’

  45. Stress • Associated with vowels • the intensity or the loudness of the airstream • Three levels of stress primary stress [´] (acute accent mark) secondary stress [`] (grave accent mark) No stress (no mark)

  46. Stress patterns: canopy atomic disappoint elevate

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