THE INTERNATIONAL CRICKET COUNCIL (ICC) AND ITS ROLE IN EVALUATING THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS

1. Introduction (Case Study) Company Name: Home Of Dissertations Website: https://www.dissertationhomework.com Contact Number: +44 7842798340 CONNECT NOW

2. Introduction • The International Cricket Council (ICC) is an international body governing cricket worldwide. • It has one hundred and five members where twelve members are full members who play test matches and ninety thirteen members are associate members (Velija et al., 2014). • It is responsible for organizing major international tournaments and the cricket world cup. • This governing body has a board of directors, which is headed by a chairman. • The position of the ICC president have become honored after its establishment and the amendment of the ICC constitution in 2014

3. Origin Of International Cricket Council • ICC was founded from the former cricket body named Imperial Cricket Board which was formed after a the imperial cricket conference in 1909 (Malcolm & Fletcher, 2017). • This was after the presidency of south Africa cricket association writing a letter to Marylebone cricket club suggesting formation of the imperial cricket board. • Some of the roles of this early board was to formulate rules and regulations to govern international tournaments between its members- England, Australia and South Africa. • To accommodate non test playing countries, the imperial cricket board was renamed International Cricket Council in 1989

4. THE INTERNATIONAL CRICKET COUNCIL (ICC) AND ITS ROLE IN EVALUATING THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS, WITH THE MODERN GLOBAL MEDIA

5. The Modern Cricket • Cricket is dynamic sport and has undergone many changes since its establishment. These changes has been brought y to increase safety and changes in technology. • For instance the modern helmets have been designed to protect the batman who previously were endangered. Modem helmet are made of steel and man made fiber to protect the head, ears and neck. • Test match have become more of custom than a rule- one-days are filled with power-plays and the T20 version has a world cup of its own • Unlike earlier days, cricket clothing today are made of different colors and are designed by different sponsors with different logos.

6. International Cricket Council roles • ICC organizes and governs major international cricket games and tournaments including the cricket world cup. • It appoints referees and umpires who facilitate and officiate test marches such as the twenty20 international and one day international matches. • Additionally, it promotes the code of conduct of the ICC which are sets of international standards in international cricket. • Moreover, it deals with issues of match fixing and corruption via its Anti Corruption And Security Unit. • Lastly, it monitors the bowing action review, cricket playing conditions and the other policies of the council.

7. Political Factors Regarding ICC • Crickets has experienced major political issues since many years ago. • For instance, back in 2014, after the formation of ICC, India rejected the governing international body and created suggestion on how the games should be run. Key decisions were concerning finance where all finance matters were to rest in the hands of Australia, England and India excluding all other members. • Recently, India has been criticized for militarizing cricket after its players wore army camouflage caps while playing with Australia. • ICC has many cases to deal with such as corruption and drug scandals involving cricketers. • In recent, most of ICC power seen to be decentralized in India where ICC voted to give political and financial power to the big three playing nation namely, England, Australia and India (Singh et al., 2015).

8. ICC And Other Nation Cricket Boards • Based on recent reports, ICC has become powerless in the face of Indian cricket board (BCCI) which is forcing the council to succumb to manipulative tactics of the Indian board. • In recent days, it as been observed that the BCCI gets a lot of financial allocation from ICC since India is the largest viewership of the cricket marches. • This makes them feel free to do anything that want and sometimes goes to the extent of overpowering the ICC leave alone the other cricket boards. • On the other hand, Pakistan cricket board has been utilizing the ICC to show its rivalry to India as in the case of calling for the punishment of India for wearing army caps.

9. The Golden Triangle-sport, Media And Money • International cricket council’s Organization of tournaments acts as a source of income to ICC which divided most of its income to its members. • Between 2007-2015, the council earned $1.6billion from television rights and sponsorship (Stewart, 2017). • Lastly ICC members sponsor and contribute to the council which act as a source of income. • The ICC do not gain much from bilateral international cricket marches as majority of them are owned and run by its members.

10. Role Of Media In ICC • The international cricket aim at optimizing its revenue in any cricket march. • To achieve this, ICC gives the role of advertising of such games to the media to increase number of global audience. • Additionally, ICC aim at creating entertainment via cricket matches, in this case, various media such as television, internet and social media take the role of availing the marches and many people witness and enjoy. • Moreover, media act as financier and sponsor. As motioned earlier, television rights and sponsorship generated more than $1.6 billion between 2007 and 2015. • Lastly, Media act as a mediator between the audience and sporting events which are organized by ICC (Wenner & Billings, 2017).

11. ICC Cricket Governance And Its Powers • As the governing body, ICC is responsible of staging major international tournaments including both men and woman world cup. • To govern global cricket marches, the ICC has set a code of conduct which outline the professional standards of discipline for global cricket, bowling reviews, playing conditions and appointment and regulation of ICC officials. • Through its anti-corruption unit, it controls against immoral issues such as march fixing and corruption (Allison & Tomlinson, 2017). • The ICC has power to appoint match referees and umpires who are in charge of matches and tournaments .

12. English County Cricket Team And The Golden Triangle • Most of cricket teams play within the golden triangle to extent their existence. • For instance, Derbyshire County Cricket Club is one of the clubs within the cricket structure of wales and England. The team has been getting financial support from sponsors such as the 3aaa apprenticeship which is a company concerned with trainings across England. • Additionally via organization of marches which have in most cases advertised all over the media attract numerous spectators who generate funds for the club. • Lastly the media such as the Sky Sports television provide coverage which support the team in gaining audience and sponsors.

13. English County Cricket Team And The Golden Triangle (Continuation…) • Another team is Essex County Cricket Club which is the first county club in the structure of wales and England. It was founded in 1876 and today, it has become one of the most successful team in the world. • The club has several sponsorship deal like the D&B Scaffolding Ltd. Secondly, CloudFm Group Ltd is another sponsor in the club that has helped generate revenue. • Additionally, to generate capital, the club had been organizing several tournaments which are advertised in social media and television. • By helping to stream their games, the media attract sponsors and financiers and fans who act as a source of capital.

14. The Arrival Of The T20 And The ICC • Twenty20 cricket (T20) is a short form of cricket. • It was introduced by the England and wales cricket board in 2003. initially, it was meant for inter county competitions in the two states. • In this kind of games, the two playing teams have a single innings each and this is restricted to maximum of twenty overs. • An ideal game I takes about three hours with each inning lasting for ninety minutes with an official ten minute break between the innings. • Initially, it was introduced to create fast paced type of the march which would attract more spectators and viewers in television. • Today the game is spreading rapidly all over the cricket world.

15. The Arrival Of The T20 And The ICC (Continuation…) • Today, the T20 has become official and there are several leagues after its popularity in 2007 • Today, the T20 is claimed to more athletic and explosive cricket form. • The expected women's T20 world cup is expected to take place from march 2022 which is an indication that the game has taken new course in the content of cricket regardless of the ICC failure to embrace it due to fear of its interference with cricket calendars. • After the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, the game started to gain popularity. Other marches which helped popularize the game included the Big Bash league and the Pakistan super league which gained many fans marking the beginning of ICC taking the T20 seriously. • Based on my view, this was not too late as it created a regeneration of new era of cricket attracting more fans into the game.

16. Match Fixing, Spot Fixing And The ICC Failure • In the last year, Al-Jazeera's Investigative Unit has been carrying out march fixing investigation in the cricket marches. During 2018, the news media revealed details and evidence of match fixing in dozen of international cricket matches. • The first cricket fixing incident occurred in 2002 where international captain Salim Malik and Hanse Cronje were banned for life for assisting and influencing results in marches. • Based on ICC policies, march fixing is never tolerated. • In 2007, Marlon Samuels was caught fixing the 2007 ODI series of India versus West Indies and was banned for two years from playing any cricket game. • Other known scandals in the cricket context include the Pakistan Spot Fixing Scandal, fake sheikh Pakistan tour of England among others.

17. Media Role In Investigating The Match Fixing Ad Spot Fixing • Al Jazeera which is an international news media with its headquarters in Qatar has over time produced reports that claim that there are allegations of cricketers march fixing around the world with 15 marches fixed from January 2012. • The news room claim to have the evidence and videos of alleged fixers discussing spot fixing with international players ahead of 2011 Sri Lanka world cup. • Additionally, the report has linked cricket players to corruption where out of 26 march fixing attempts in fifteen of the marches, 25 of the spot fixing attempt were successful executed

18. ICC And Global Media On The Match Fixing, Spot Fixing • The ICC has a regulatory unit that coordinate actions against cases of match fixing and corruption. • The fact that more than fifteen marches were fixed without the knowledge of the ICC shows its failure in its role. • Aljazeera investigation and publishing of report of corruption and march fixing came as a shock to the ICC (Bricknell, 2015). • After the report, Alex Marshall the ICC anti-corruption unit leader termed the report as “under investigated and incorrect”. • He however accepted that the issue of corruptions serious in the cricket marches. • Additionally, the council refereed the report as unclear and limited in terms of information which indicate that the council is against the media investigation to the allegation of corruption regardless of the issue being directly concerned to them.

19. Neutral Umpires • The ICC has a role of appointing umpires and march referees who officiate test marches and other marches. • The council operates three panels of umpires; international panel, elite panel and associate pane. • In 1992, ICC realized the need of a neutral umpire per test. The system was adopted years later and in 2002, neutral progression was made. • As a result of this advancement, umpires became most important member of the cricket community. Regardless of this, the home team have faired better since the introduction of the neutral umpires

20. Neutral Umpires Origin • Since the 1877, there was a custom that the home team should appoint umpires. • Umpires belonged to same land as the playing team. • In 1987, the neutral umpires became part of the world cup edition and the participating nations were asked to sent one umpire with co host India and Pakistan nominating two umpires each. • The ICC officiated the issue of umpires pairing in 1994 • Ever since, all test required one neutral umpire from the host nation and another from the third country. In 2002, the ICC advocated for two umpires. The councils also started appointing one outside and one host nation umpires and this has continued since then.

21. Shakun Rana Incident And Failure Of ICC • In December 1978, Shakoor Rana and Mike Gatting were involved in one of the ugliest alterations in the history of cricket games. That went ahead to be a thereat to the diplomatic ties between England and Pakistan. • Shakoor Rana was Pakistan umpires who stood at a square leg and stopped play accusing Malik of cheating. There was a confrontation. Rana refused to continue with the march unless there was an apology. • This case led to killing of may people in Pakistan as per Rana comment. This indicates that ICC failed to address the role of umpires whom they had appointed resulting to bigger issues in the game.

22. Technological Advancement In Cricket • In the recent days, cricket has incorporated the latest technology in its game. • There has been some rejection of technology like the aluminum cricket although the ICC has been cautious in making changes in the home that will create a positive impact to the players and spectators. • Most of the adopted technology have greatest benefit in the identification of illegal actions by judging based on the ICC permitted 15 degree limit. • With adoption of technology, there has been improvement of field performance (Noorbhai & Noakes, 2015).

23. The TV Technology • Hawkeye is a system in computers used in 2001, that shows path of a cricket ball. It is an important tool for cricket commentators in the world to confirm the umpires decisions. • It is used as part of the drag reduction system for adjusting the Leg before wicket decisions. • This system utilized six or more computers linked to television camera which are situated in the playing field. • The three accurate view, are composed together and produce 3 dimensional view of the representation of the ball pathway.

24. The TV Technology ( Continued…) • Another television technology is the snick –o-meter which is a sensitive microphone located in one of the stumps and usually picks the sound of cricket ball once it nicks the bat. • The technology is used in giving the audience more information and if the bat was hit by the ball or not. • This is combined with high speed camera that records as the ball pass the bat. • This technology is advanced since the umpires does not have the benefit of snick meter and therefore must rely on his sense of hearing and sight and personal judgment which might be wrong.

25. Ball Spin Revolution Per Minute And Slow Technology • Ball spin revolution per minute is technology introduced in 2013 by sky sports and introduced in cricket marches. • The technology creates a count of the rate of spin of ball after it is released • The camera has the ability to determine the sidespin and top spin of the ball once the ball is off the pitch. • It is important in the estimation of the abilities and skills of the spinner. • On the other hand, superslow motion utilized the revolution in technology to reproduce a super slow motion footage which can be very critical in solving some issues that might arise in the marches and other umpires decisions.

26. Importance Of Embracing Technology In Cricket • With embracing of technology, ICC has created high performance level in cricket marches. For instance, with technology its is possible to determine the distance travelled, bat speed or bat direction in a given time. • Additionally, spectating cricket has become easier with the introduction of live TV broadcasting where spectators can watch games. • Lastly the issue of third umpire in international cricket and who sits off the ground to help in assessing TV replays in certain situation is a good advancement in the field of cricket as it has helped achieve equality and justice.

27. Conclusion • Modern cricket has undergone via many changes since the formation of the imperial cricket board where international cricket board originates • Since its formation, the international cricket council has been faced with many challenges and political factors. • Another important factor is the golden triangle which refers to the link between sports, money and media. ICC is known to generate money from international tournaments. • Media play a major role as a financial of ICC as well as advertisement media which act as a channel to reach sponsors and fans. • One of the greatest changes in the modern cricket is the introduction of T20 which is now being embraced by ICC. • Lastly, embracing the use of technology by ICC is a great move in obtaining fairness in games

28. References • Allison, L. and Tomlinson, A., 2017. Understanding international sport organisations: Principles, power and possibilities. Routledge. • Bricknell, S., 2015. Corruption in Australian sport. Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice, (490), p.1. • Malcolm, D. and Fletcher, T., 2017. The international cricket council cricket world cup: A “second class” megamediasport event?. © Taylor & Francis. • Noorbhai, M.H. and Noakes, T.D., 2015. Advances in cricket in the 21st century: science, performance and technology. African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 21(4.2), pp.1310-1320. • Singh, R., Saikia, H. and Bhattacharjee, D., 2015. Application of Markowitz Model for Analyzing the Performance of Cricket Teams in Indian Premier League. Metamorphosis, 14(1), pp.14-24.

29. References • Stewart, B., 2017. Sport funding and finance. Routledge. • Velija, P., Ratna, A. and Flintoff, A., 2014. Exclusionary power in sports organisations: The merger between the Women’s Cricket Association and the England and Wales Cricket Board. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 49(2), pp.211-226. • Wenner, L.A. and Billings., 2017. Sport, media and mega-events. Taylor & Francis.

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