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The Nature of Solids

Explore the arrangement of particles in solids and how it impacts their general properties, from melting points to crystal structures and unit cells. Learn about buckyballs, allotropes, and sublimation in this comprehensive guide.

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The Nature of Solids

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  1. The Nature of Solids 13.3 • In 1985, scientists discovered a new form of carbon. They called this form of carbon buckminsterfullerene, or buckyball for short. You will learn how the arrangement of particles in solids determines some general properties of solids.

  2. 13.3 A Model for Solids • A Model for Solids • How are the structure and properties of solids related? • The general properties of solids reflect the orderly arrangement of their particles and the fixed locations of their particles.

  3. 13.3 A Model for Solids • The melting point (mp) is the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.

  4. 13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells • In a crystal, the particles are arranged in an orderly, repeating, three-dimensional pattern called a crystal lattice.

  5. 13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells • Three kinds of unit cells can make up a cubic crystal system.

  6. 13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells • Allotropes • Allotropes are two or more different molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state. • Allotropes have different properties because their structures are different. • Only a few elements have allotropes.

  7. 13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells • Carbon Allotropes

  8. 13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells • Non-Crystalline Solids • An amorphous solid lacks an ordered internal structure. • Rubber, plastic, asphalt, and glass are amorphous solids. • A glass is a transparent fusion product of inorganic substances that have cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing.

  9. 17.4 Sublimation • Sublimation • When can sublimation occur?

  10. 17.4 Sublimation • The change of a substance from a solid to a vapor without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation. Sublimation occurs in solids with vapor pressures that exceed atmospheric pressure at or near room temperature.

  11. 17.4 Sublimation • When solid iodine is heated, the crystals sublime, going directly from the solid to the gaseous state. When the vapor cools, it goes directly from the gaseous to the solid state.

  12. Concept Map 13 • Solve the Concept Map with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.

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