Body-related loanwords in Šó ka Romani

1. Body-related loanwords in Šóka Romani Viktor Elšík (Charles University)

2. Šóka Romani Poland Czechia NC Ukraine SC Austria Hungary

3. V R V R V R R V V R V R R Slovak Hungarian

4. Šóka Romani • village of Selice / Sók / Šóka • 3,500 inhabitants • 2,200 Roma “Rumungri” (Central dialect) • 300 Roma “Pojáki” (Vlax dialect) • 2,000 Hungarians • multilingualism • “Rumungri”: Central R, Hungarian, Slovak, (Czech) • “Pojáki”: Vlax R, Central R, Slovak, (Czech), (Hungarian) • Hungarians: Hungarian, (Slovak), ((Central R)) • high ecological and social integration

5. Attitudes towards loanwords

6. Lexical layers in Romani • a) indigenous = Indo-Aryan • b) inherited borrowings = borrowed before the split of Early Romani into dialects • c) dialect-specific borrowings = borrowed after the split of Early Romani into dialects INHERITED

7. Lexical layers in Šóka Romani Indo-Aryan West Iranian Armenian, Ossetic, Georgian 10th c. Greek South Slavic Croatian 16/17th c. – currentHungarian 1920 – currentSlovak 1950 – current Czech

8. Brown’s list

9. Brown’s list: statistics • BODY • 60% indigenous [< 80% in ER] • 40% loans [< 10-20% in ER] • 30% Hungarian loans (= 75% of all loans) • TOTAL • 47.8% indigenous • 47.4% loans, 49.6% incl. loan derivations • 37.8% Hungarian loans (= 79.8% of all loans) • relatively high percentage of indigenous words in body-related vocabulary

10. IDS4: Pre-Hungarian loanwords

11. “Shifted” loanwords talpa ‘sole’ & ‘heel’ < H talp • standard H: ‘sole’ (cf. sarok ‘heel’) • local H: ‘sole’ & ‘heel’ jelo ‘scar’ < H jel • standard & local “Hungarian” H: ‘mark, sign’ (cf. sebhely ‘scar’) • local “Rom” H: ‘mark, sign; scar’ ňakčiga ‘nape of neck’ < H nyak ‘neck’ + csiga ‘snail’ • standard H tarkó ‘nape of neck’ but cf. csigolya ‘vertebra’ • local? ethnolectal? • in practice, difficult to distinguish internal semantic shifts in the recipient language from dialectal (incl. ethnolectal) input from the source language

12. IDS4: statistics * counts on entries, not individual words

13. Taboo words

14. Bones etc. šing = IA

15. Bodily handicaps

16. Upper limbs and their parts

17. Lower limbs and their parts

18. Parts of limbs H IA IA H H A x IA H x H IA H H

19. Limbs and their parts • borrowability • ‘hand’ & ‘arm’ and ‘foot’ & ‘leg’ never borrowed • all other parts of limbs borrowable • borrowing asymmetries • whole < part • parts: ‘hand’/‘foot’ < other < joints • widespread parallelism (upper ≈ lower) • diversity asymmetries • ‘hand’ < ‘arm’ [‘hand’ extended] • ‘foot’ < ‘leg’ [‘foot’, ‘thigh’, *‘bone’ extended]

20. Parts of head/face A H G H IA IA IA IA IA H IA H H IA IA H mouth, lip, tooth, tongue gum

21. Internal organs parno buko ‘lung’ kalo buko ‘liver’

22. Explanations? • Society and culture • integration > more loanwords • taboo domains > less loanwords (!) • cultural saliency: e.g. food > body parts • Cognition • semantic levels: e.g. wholes vs. parts, general vs. specific • cognitive vs. cultural saliency • cognitive parallelism