The periodic table

1. Chapter 7 The periodic table

2. Lesson 1 Using the Periodic Table Lesson 2 Metals Lesson 3Nonmetals and Metalloids The periodic table

3. Key Concepts • How are elements arranged on the periodic table? • What can you learn about elements from the periodic table? Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

4. What is the periodic table? • The periodic table is a chart of the elements arranged into rows and columns according to their physical and chemical properties. • It can be used to determine the relationships among the elements. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

5. Developing a periodic table • When Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev was working on classifying the elements, he placed his list of elements into a table and arranged them in rows of increasing atomic mass. • Elements with similar properties were grouped in the same column. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

6. Mendeleev noticed that melting point is one property that shows a repeating pattern. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

7. Developing a periodic table (cont.) • Boiling point and reactivity also follow a periodic pattern. • Mendeleev believed that the atomic masses of certain elements must be invalid because the elements appeared in the wrong place on the periodic table. • He placed elements whose properties resembled each other’s closer together in the table. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

8. When Moseley listed the elements according to atomic number, columns contained elements with similar properties, such as copper, silver, and gold. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

9. Today’s periodic table • You can identify many of the properties of an element from its placement on the periodic table. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table period Science Usethe completion of a cycle; a row on the periodic table Common Usea point used to mark the end of a sentence; a time frame

10. The table is organized into columns, rows, and blocks, which are based on certain patterns of properties. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

11. Today’s periodic table (cont.) • The element key shows an element’s chemical symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass. • The key also contains a symbol that shows the state of matter at room temperature. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

12. Today’s periodic table (cont.) • Agroupis a column on the periodic table. • Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties and react with other elements in similar ways. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

13. Today’s periodic table (cont.) • The rows on the periodic table are called periods. • The atomic number of each element increases by one as you read from left to right across each period. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

14. Today’s periodic table • Metals are on the left side and in the middle of the periodic table. • With the exception of hydrogen, nonmetals are located on the right side of the periodic table. • Between the metals and the nonmetals on the periodic table are the metalloids. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

15. How scientists use the periodic table • Even today, new elements are created in laboratories, named, and added to the present-day periodic table. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

16. How scientists use the periodic table (cont.) • Scientists can use the periodic table to predict the properties of new elements they create. • The periodic table contains more than 100 elements, each with its unique properties that differ from the properties of other elements. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

17. Summary • On the periodic table, elements are arranged according to increasing atomic numbers and similar properties. • A column of the periodic table is called a group. Elements in the same group have similar properties. • A row of the periodic table is called a period. Properties of elements repeat in the same pattern from left to right across each period. Lesson 1: Using the periodic table

18. Key Concepts • What elements are metals? • What are the properties of metals? Lesson 2: metals

19. What is a metal? • More than three-quarters of the elements on the periodic table are metals. • With the exception of hydrogen, all of the elements in groups 1-12 on the periodic table are metals. • Some of the elements in groups 13-15 are metals. • To be a metal, an element must have certain properties. Lesson 2: metals

20. What is a metal? (cont.) • A metalis an element that is generally shiny. It is easily pulled into wires or hammered into thin sheets. A metal is a good conductor of electricity and thermal energy. • Lusterdescribes the ability of a metal to reflect light. • Ductilityis the ability to be pulled into thin wires. Lesson 2: metals

21. What is a metal? (cont.) • Malleabilityis the ability of a substance to be hammered or rolled into sheets. • Gold is so malleable that it can be hammered into thin sheets. • In general the density, strength, boiling point, and melting point of a metal are greater than those of other elements. Lesson 2: metals

22. Group 1: Alkali Metals • The elements in group 1 are called alkali metals. • The alkali metals include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. • Alkali metals react quickly with other elements, such as oxygen and in nature, occur only in compounds. • Alkali metals react violently with water. They are also soft enough to be cut with a knife. Lesson 2: metals

23. Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals • The elements in group 2 on the periodic table are called alkaline earth metals. • The alkaline earth metals are beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. • Pure alkaline earth metals do not occur naturally but instead combine with other elements and form compounds. Lesson 2: metals

24. Groups 3-12: Transition Elements • The elements in groups 3-12 are called transition elements. • Transition elements are in a block at the center and two rows at the bottom of the periodic table. • Many colorful materials contain small amounts of transition elements. Lesson 2: metals

25. Groups 3-12: Transition Elements (cont.) • All transition elements are metals with higher melting points, greater strength, and higher densities than the alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals. • Because of their high densities, strength, and resistance to corrosion, transition elements make good building materials. • Two rows of transition elements—the lanthanide and actinide series—were removed from the main part of the table so that periods 6 and 7 were not longer than the other periods. Lesson 2: metals

26. Patterns in properties of metals • Metallic properties include luster, malleability, and electrical conductivity. Lesson 2: metals

27. Summary • Properties of metals include conductivity, luster, malleability, and ductility. • Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals react easily with other elements. These metals make up groups 1 and 2 on the periodic table. • Transition elements make up groups 3-12 and the lanthanide and actinide series on the periodic table. Lesson 2: metals

28. Key Concepts • Where are nonmetals and metalloids on the periodic table? • What are the properties of nonmetals and metalloids? Lesson 3: metals and metalloids

29. The elements of life • More than 96 percent of the mass of the human body comes from four nonmetals–oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Lesson 3: metals and metalloids

30. The elements of life (cont.) • Nonmetalsare elements that have no metallic properties. • The four elements that make up most of the human body, along with phosphorus and sulfur, are the six elements in proteins, fats, nucleic acids, and other large molecules in your body and in all other living things. Lesson 3: metals and metalloids

31. How are nonmetals different from metals? • Nonmetals have properties that are different from those of metals. • Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature and those that are solid at room temperature have a dull surface, which means they have no luster. • Because nonmetals are poor conductors of electricity and thermal energy, they are good insulators. Lesson 3: metals and metalloids

32. Phosphorus and carbon are dull, brittle solids that do not conduct thermal energy or electricity. Lesson 3: metals and metalloids

33. How are nonmetals different from metals? (cont.) • An element in group 17 of the periodic table is galled a halogen. • The term halogen refers to an element that can react with a metal and form a salt. Lesson 3: metals and metalloids

34. How are nonmetals different from metals? (cont.) • Halogens react readily with other elements and form compounds. • Halogens can only occur naturally in compounds. • In general, halogens are less reactive as you move down the group. • The elements in group 18 are known as the noble gases. Lesson 3: metals and metalloids

35. How are nonmetals different from metals? (cont.) • Unlike the halogens, the only way elements in this group react with other elements is under special conditions in a laboratory. • Of all the elements, hydrogen has the smallest atomic mass and is the most common element in the universe. • Hydrogen is most often classified as a nonmetal because it has many properties like those of nonmetals. • However, hydrogen also has some properties similar to those of the group 1 alkali metals. • Under conditions on Earth, hydrogen usually behaves as a nonmetal. Lesson 3: metals and metalloids

36. Metalloids • Between the metals and the nonmetals on the periodic table are elements known as metalloids. Lesson 3: metals and metalloids

37. Metalloids (cont.) • A metalloidis an element that has physical and chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals. • The elements boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, polonium, and astatine are metalloids. • Silicon is the most abundant metalloid in the universe. Lesson 3: metals and metalloids

38. Metalloids (cont.) • A property of metalloids is the ability to act as a semiconductor. • A semiconductorconducts electricity at high temperatures, but not at low temperatures. • Silicon is used in making semiconductor devices for computers and other electronic products. Lesson 3: metals and metalloids

39. Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids • An element’s position on the periodic table tells you a lot about the element. • Understanding the properties of elements can help you decide which element to use in a given situation. Lesson 3: metals and metalloids

40. Summary • A nonmetal is an element that has no metallic properties. Solid nonmetals are dull and brittle and do not conduct thermal energy or electricity. • Halogens and noble gases are nonmetals. These elements are found in group 17 and group 18 of the periodic table. • Metalloids have some metallic properties and some nonmetallic properties. The most important use of metalloids is as semiconductors. Lesson 3: metals and metalloids

41. Lesson 1: Using the Periodic Table • Elements are organized on the periodic table by increasing atomic number and similar properties. • Elements in the same group, or column, of the periodic table have similar properties. • Elements’ properties change across a period, which is a row of the periodic table. • Each element key on the periodic table provides the name, symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass for an element. Chapter wrap-up

42. Lesson 2: Metals • Metals are located on the left and middle parts of the periodic table. • Metals are elements that have ductility, malleability, luster, and conductivity. • The alkali metals are in group 1 of the periodic table, and the alkaline earth metals are in group 2. • Transition elements are metals in groups 3-12 of the periodic table, as well as the lanthanide and actinide series. Chapter wrap-up

43. Lesson 3: Nonmetals and Metalloids • Nonmetals are on the right side of the periodic table, and metalloids are located between metals and nonmetals. • Nonmetals are elements that have no metallic properties. Solid nonmetals are dull in appearance, brittle, and do not conduct electricity. Metalloids are elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals. • Some metalloids are semiconductors. • Elements in group 17 are called halogens, and elements in group 18 are noble gases. Chapter wrap-up