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PROTISTS

Learn about the evolution of organelles in protists, including the primary and secondary endosymbiont hypotheses. Explore different groups like animal-like Protists and plant-like Protists. Discover characteristics, structures, and behaviors of various protists through interactive videos. Dive into the fascinating world of eukaryotic organisms.

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PROTISTS

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  1. PROTISTS Eukaryotic = have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Can be animal-like or plant-like or fungus-like. What characteristics do you think distinguish the different groups?

  2. EVOLUTION OF ORGANELLES Recall the PRIMARY endosymbiont hypothesis. 1. What evidence is considered to support this hypothesis?

  3. EVOLUTION OF CHLOROPLASTS Now recall the secondary endosymbiont hypothesis. 1. What do these two hypotheses have in common? 2. How are they different? What organelle is involved? 3. What evidence indicates this difference? 4. Give an example of an organism that is believed to have gained that organelle by primary endosymbiosis. Give an example of an organism that is believed to have gained that organelle by secondary endosymbiosis.

  4. Animal-like Protists Ciliophora Zoomastigina Sporozoa Sarcodina

  5. Protist #1

  6. Look at the protist on the previous slide. 1. What phylum do you think it belongs to?2. Notice the groove along the bottom side, towards the left of the organism. What is this called? What is it for?3. These protists have a special cell membrane embedded with Trichocysts. a. What is this cell membrane called?b. What are the trichocysts?4. What protist is it?

  7. Paramecium in action • Watch the video on the next slide. Notice the gullet and the food vacuole. • While cilia allow paramecium to move, the cilia within the gullet have a different purpose. What are these cilia for? • What happens to the food vacuole as the paramecium “eats”? • What happens to the food vacuole at the end?

  8. Video - Paramecium

  9. Paramecium in action Continued Rewatch the video on the previous slide, paying particular attention to the paramecium that appears near the end. • What structure do you see in this paramecium, with its distinct shape? • What is the purpose of this structure?

  10. Protist #2

  11. Look at the protist on the previous slide. 1. What phylum do you think it belongs to?2. How can you tell?3. This protist is a parasite called Giardia, and is most commonly transmitted through untreated fresh water. What structure must it have if it can live in freshwater?

  12. Protist #3

  13. Look at the protist on the previous slide. 1. Where is it living?2. This protist ends up here through transmission by mosquito bites.3. What do you call an organism that lives off of another organism, while harming that organism? 4. What phylum do you think this protist belongs in?

  14. Protist #4

  15. Look at the protist on the previous slide. 1. What phylum do you think it belongs to?2. What is the distinguishing characteristic of this phylum?

  16. Video - Amoeba Amoeba in action Note: this video is really long. You don’t need to watch it all. Just about a minute and a half. Unless you really want to…

  17. Amoeba in Action Most heterotrophic, free – living (not parasitic) protists engulf food into FOOD VACUOLES. They all do this through a process called endocytosis, which you can see the amoeba use quite extensively in the video. 1. What is a vacuole? 2. Describe the process of endocytosis and how it forms a food vacuole.

  18. Protists #5

  19. Look at the protists on the previous slide. • What do these protists have that the previous protists did not have? • How are these structures on these two protists different? • What phylum do you think these belong to? • The glass-like one is called a Radiolarian? What other protist has a glass-like shell? • What is the white one called?

  20. PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS Phylum Euglenophyta Phylum Chlorophyta Phylum Bacillariophyta Phylum Rhodophyta Phylum Pyrrophyta

  21. Protist #6

  22. Look at the protist on the previous slide. • What characteristic have you seen before? • The green appearance of these protists indicates the presence of which organelle? Why? • What phylum do you think these belong to? • What structures do these protists have in common with Ciliates? • Compared to a paramecium, what size would these protists be?

  23. Video - Euglena

  24. Euglena in Action • Describe the movement of the Euglena in the video. • Considering the Euglena’s various habitats, how is this movement helpful? • How is the pellicle important in this movement? • What other structure can Euglena use to move?

  25. Video - Euglena

  26. Euglena in action Continued • Note the red structure near one end of the Euglena. What is it and what is it for? • Euglena also move using their flagella? How many do they have? How many help them move? • Are they pushed or pulled by their flagellum?

  27. Protist #7

  28. Look at the protist on the previous slide. • What phylum does it belong to? • What is this protist commonly called? • Its outer covering, the THECA, is made up of plates of what material? • How many flagella does it have? • Name the grooves that the flagella extend from?

  29. Protist #8

  30. Look at the protists on the previous slide. • What phylum do they belong to? • What are these protists commonly called? • What material is the outer covering made of? What other protist is this similar to? • These protists have a groove in the centre. What is it called and what is it used for? • On the right hand picture, there are two protists with different shapes. What are the names for the different shapes of these protists? • The crushed up shells of these protists make a material called diatomaceous earth that can be used as a mild abrasive or as a slug repellent. Describe the property that makes it useful for these purposes.

  31. Protist #9

  32. Look at the protists on the previous slide. • What phylum do they belong to? • What are these protists commonly called? • What makes these protists different from the other protists that we have seen so far? • Why is this difference significant?

  33. Video - Volvox

  34. Volvox in action In a volvox colony, all the little tiny dots are the individual vegetative cells, meaning they do not reproduce. The cells in the middle may reproduce asexually or sexually, forming large masses, or groupings, of cells that will become a new colony. • What type of cell division would they use to reproduce asexually? • What type of cell division would they use to reproduce sexually? • What conditions favour asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction?

  35. Protist #10

  36. Look at the protists on the previous slide. • What phylum do they belong to? • How can you tell? • Where does the red colour come from? • Why is this important for these protists?

  37. FUNGI-LIKE PROTISTS Phylum Acrasiomycota Phylum Myxomycota

  38. Protist #11 Multicellular Mass

  39. Look at the protists on the previous slide. • It can be difficult to distinguish between types of slime molds without looking in a microscope. • What phylum does this slime mold belong to? How were you able to figure this out? • When slime molds are not in a mass, what other protist do they look like? • Genetically, how are they different from the protist you mentioned in question 2?

  40. Protist #12 • Multinucleate mass

  41. Look at the protists on the previous slide. • It can be difficult to distinguish between types of slime molds without looking in a microscope. • What phylum does this slime mold belong to? How were you able to figure this out? • What is this large multinucleate mass called?

  42. When cellular slime molds encounter unfavourable conditions, they aggregate and form this structure. • What is it called? • Is it haploid or diploid? • What does this structure do for the organism? • Is this sexual or asexual reproduction? • What is a zygote and how does it form?

  43. When acellular slime molds encounter unfavourable conditions, they also form a fruiting body. • What is this fruiting body called? • Is it haploid or diploid? • Is it involved in asexual or sexual reproduction? Explain. • How is sexual reproduction different in the two types of slime molds? (think fertilization, fusion, haploid, diploid and zygote)

  44. Video - Slime Molds

  45. Slime Molds in Action • Give two examples of the how the slime molds show communication between their cells. • How does the fruiting body show a complexity beyond most other protists? • What other protist shows specialization of cells?

  46. Try to guess the phyla of the following protistsExplain your reasoningThen answer any associated questions

  47. Protist A 1. This protist is sessile (it doesn’t move around). How does it use its cilia differently than motile protists?

  48. Protist B 1. What beneficial role do these types of protists play in the environment?

  49. Protist C These protists can be marine or freshwater. 1. How would the vacuoles of a marine species differ from the vacuoles of a freshwater species?

  50. Protist D These type of protists make up PHYTOPLANKTON. 1. What are two reasons that phytoplankton is important?

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