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The Atmospheric Layers

The Atmospheric Layers. Work. Radiation. Latent Heat. Evaporation. VAPOR. WATER. Condensation. Pressure and volume variation. Sensible Heat. T in > T out. T in < T out. The Gas Energy Exchanges. Incoming and Emitted Radiation. Incoming Solar Radiation. -2. 100%. -. 343 Wm.

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The Atmospheric Layers

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  1. The Atmospheric Layers

  2. Work Radiation Latent Heat Evaporation VAPOR WATER Condensation Pressure and volume variation Sensible Heat Tin > Tout Tin < Tout The Gas Energy Exchanges

  3. Incoming and Emitted Radiation

  4. Incoming Solar Radiation -2 100% - 343 Wm Reflected by the Re-emitted by the Reflected Emitted by the atmosphere 25% atmosphere 60% by the earth 9% (gas, aerosols, clouds) (greenhouse gases, clouds) earth 6% Long Short Wave Absorbed by the Wave atmosphere 106% (greenhouse gases, clouds) Long Wave Absorbed by the atmosphere 23% (gas, aerosols, clouds) Long Wave Re-emitted by the atmosphere Emitted by the Latent and Absorbed by (greenhouse gases, clouds) and earth 115% Sensible Heat the earth 46% absorbed by the earth 100% 31% The Atmospheric Energy Balance

  5. The Absorption in the Stratosphere O2 + hn→ O + O1Dl < 175 nm O2 + hn→ O + O 175 < l < 245 nm O3 + hn→ O2 + O1Dl < 310 nm O3 + hn→ O2 + O l > 310 nm O1D + M → O + M O + O2 + M → O3 + M

  6. The Greenhouse Gas

  7. Long Wave Radiation Sensible Heat Latent Heat Short Wave Radiation Tsurf > Tatm Evaporation Tsurf > Tsoil Ground The Earth Surface Energy Balance Day

  8. Long Wave Radiation Sensible Heat Latent Heat Tsurf < Tatm Condensation Tsurf < Tsoil Ground The Earth Surface Energy Balance Night

  9. The Earth Surface Energy Balance

  10. W ac2 ac3 ac1 R j The Effect of the Earth Rotation with Acceleration Coriolis Centripetal ac1 =- f V + 2w W cos jin X-direction ac2 =f Uin Y-direction ac3 = 2w U cos jin Z-direction f = 2 w sin j

  11. The Effect of the Earth Rotation In X direction: DSx.dPG = m f VG In Y direction: DSy.dPG = - m f UG

  12. front Polar High pressure High pressure High pressure High pressure front Polar Global Atmospheric Circulation

  13. Friction forces Ekman Layer The Effects of the Surface Friction

  14. P = - D C dT d V v m The Effects of the Gravity Hydrostatic Pressure Vertical Temperature Gradient

  15. Mass conservation Air Substance

  16. Energy conservation The potential temperature qis the temperature an unsaturated air parcel attains if it brought adiabatically from its altitude down to a pressure of P0=1000 mb (approximately the sea level).

  17. Motion conservation where Buoyancy

  18. Unstable Boundary Layer Wind Speed Temperature Stable Atmosphere Unstable Atmosphere or or Stable Boundary Layer Wind Speed Temperature Atmospheric Stability

  19. Conservation form of the equations

  20. Sea breeze

  21. Slope Winds Day Night

  22. Mountain Waves

  23. The Transport Analytical solution Initial Condition Concentrations Distance

  24. The Diffusion Analytical solution Initial Condition Concentrations Distance

  25. B A + C The Chemistry Concentrations Distance

  26. The Turbulence Eddies Wind Speed Space or Time

  27. The turbulence averaging

  28. The turbulence averaging

  29. Turbulent kinetic energy

  30. Prandtl (surface) boundary layer

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