Title: Reports on public health 1832-1847 Learning Objectives:

1. Title: Reports on public health 1832-1847 Learning Objectives: WALT understand how the reports and studies of the 1830’s and 1840’s led to the Public Health Act of 1848 Success Criteria: Must know that there were a series of reports on public health between 1832-1847 Should explain how these reports impacted on public health Could assess which report had the biggest impact

2. Dr James Kay Shuttleworth The state of the streets powerfully affects the health of their inhabitants. Sporadic cases of typhus chiefly appear in those which are narrow, ill ventilated, unpaved, or which contain heaps of refuse….The confined air and noxious exhalations that abound in such places, depress the health of the people, and on this account contagious diseases are also most rapidly propagated there…the houses are uncleanly, ill provided with furniture,….they are often dilapidated, badly drained, damp; and the habits of their tenants are gross –they are ill fed, ill-clothed, and uneconomical….want of cleanliness, of forethought, and economy, are found in almost unvariable alliance with dissipation, reckless habit and disease. On your own copy, highlight all the public health issues that Dr James Kay Shuttleworth found in Manchester in 1832. The come up with a title for his report

3. THE MORAL AND PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE WORKING CLASSES EMPLOYED IN THE COTTON MANUFACTURE OF MANCHESTER, 1832. The state of the streets powerfully affects the health of their inhabitants. Sporadic cases of typhus chiefly appear in those which are narrow, ill ventilated, unpaved, or which contain heaps of refuse….The confined air and noxious exhalations that abound in such places, depress the health of the people, and on this account contagious diseases are also most rapidly propagated there…the houses are uncleanly, ill provided with furniture,….they are often dilapidated, badly drained, damp; and the habits of their tenants are gross –they are ill fed, ill-clothed, and uneconomical….want of cleanliness, of forethought, and economy, are found in almost unvariable alliance with dissipation, reckless habit and disease. Dr James Kay Shuttleworth

4. 1848 Public Health Act REPORTS 1832-1847 Dr James Kay Shuttleworth set the scene for further investigations. Soon this was followed by reports by Edwin Chadwick, Dr Neil Arnott, Dr Southwood Smith and others. Studies were conducted in London and Britain as a whole by 1842. These studies all came to similar conclusions about the necessity for action and a Royal Commission was set up in 1844. Edwin Chadwick 1800-90

5. Survey! • Mr Martin has applied for some money to do up the school. • You need to find at least 8 things in the school that need improvements in order to get the money. • You have 10 minutes to find these 8 things and justify your choice. • These should not be things for the 6th Form Common Room like a new pool table, but should be areas of the school which need renovation.

6. Chadwick and public health • As Secretary to the Poor Law Commission after 1834, Edwin Chadwick saw the clear link that existed between poverty and disease. • He investigated disease as a prime cause of poverty. • Motivated by the costs of diseases. • Many who were ill were a burden on the ratepayer. • A day’s loss of productivity through ill-health was a day’s loss of economic benefit to the worker, the employer, and the whole nation. Disease Poverty

7. Edwin Chadwick was asked by the Poor Law Commission to do a pilot survey in 1838 to find the connection between living conditions and disease in London. He found 3 doctors who he thought would come up with the solutions he wanted – sanitary improvements. He chose Dr Arnott, Dr James Kay-Shuttleworth and Dr Southwood Smith. In 1842 he was ready to publish a damning report on the whole country’s ill-health. REPORT ON THE SANITARY CONDITIONS OF THE LABOURING POPULATION OF GREAT BRITAIN, 1842.

8. This was another huge report by Chadwick. • It covered the whole nation, and gave specific statistics and details. • It gave suggestions as to how to improve Britain’s health. • It named and shamed water companies, individuals and vested interests. • It was a massive best-seller with over 10,000 copies published. REPORT ON THE SANITARY CONDITIONS OF THE LABOURING POPULATION OF GREAT BRITAIN, 1842.

9. The Sanitary Movement 1832-1848 Key Question: How did reports and studies by the ‘sanitary movement’ in the 1830s and 1840s lead to the first Public Health Act of 1848? James Kay Shuttleworth’s 1832 report on Manchester Chadwick’s two pilot studies of East London 1838. Arnott and Kay’s & Southwood Smith’s Chadwick Pressure for change from the Health of Towns Association 1844. Led by Dr Southwood Smith, but dominated by Chadwick. Conclusions? Edwin Chadwick’s national ‘Report on the sanitary condition of the labouring population of Great Britain’ 1842 Conclusions? Two reports 1844 and 1845 confirming Chadwick’s 1842 report Conclusions? Royal Commission into the Sanitary Conditions of Large Towns and Populous Districts 1844 Conclusions? Local Acts 1846-1847 1848 Public Health Act Complete this timeline using Rees pp132-142

10. Homework – due Thursday 21st March Re-read Chapter 10 of Rees. Make sure your notes are good. Answer these two questions: • Why were reports on people’s living conditions considered necessary in 19th Century Britain? 2. Which report do you consider to have been most influential at the time? Why?