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Endocrine System

Endocrine System. Created By: Lauren Covey, Sophia Yang, Delaney Sullivan, Lena Tahir , Michael Chen. General Characteristics. The main functioning unit of the endocrine system is the hormone . Travels through interstitial fluid and blood to reach target cells .

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Endocrine System

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  1. Endocrine System Created By: Lauren Covey, Sophia Yang, Delaney Sullivan, Lena Tahir, Michael Chen

  2. General Characteristics • The main functioning unit of the endocrine system is the hormone. • Travels through interstitial fluid and blood to reach target cells. • Secreted by endocrine glands. • Ex: Pituitary, Thyroid, etc.

  3. Characteristics of Hormones • Steroid hormones • Formed from cholesterol • Lipids • Doesn’t use second messengers to transmit signal to cell nucleus • Examples: Sex hormones, such as testosterone

  4. Hormones (cont.) • Nonsteroid hormones • Amines • Derived from the amino acid thyrosine • Ex: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine • Protein • Long chains of amino acids • Ex: PTH • Peptide • Short chains of amino acids • Ex: ADH • Glycoproteins • Proteins and carbohydrates • Ex: FSH

  5. Hormone Action • Steroid • Nonpolar, so are able to pass through cellular and nuclear membranes • Binds with receptors in the nucleus to activate the hormone-receptor complex, that activates certain sequences of DNA.

  6. Hormone Action (cont.) • Nonsteroid hormones • Polar substances • Make use of second messengers to relay message • Most common is cAMP. • Hormone → G-protein→ Adenylatecyclase → cAMP • cAMP activates protein kinases within the cytoplasm

  7. Control Sources • General method used is negative feedback • Although, oxytocin uses positive feedback • Three methods of signaling hormone release: • Tropic Hormones from the pituitary and hypothalamus • Direct stimulation of the gland by the nervous system • Direct response to the surrounding conditions

  8. Pituitary Gland • Attached to the base of the hypothalamus • Anterior: • Stimulated by tropic hormones from the hypothalamus • Hormones released include: GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, prolactin, LH • Posterior: • Stimulated by direct nervous pathways from the hypothalamus • Hormones released include: ADH and oxytocin

  9. Thyroid Gland • Located at the base of the throat • Stimulated by both TSH (T3 and T4) and the surrounding environment (calcitonin). • Regulates metabolism • Hormones secreted: T3, T4, calcitonin

  10. Parathyroid Gland • Located within the thyroid in patches • Stimulates osteoclasts • Hormones secreted: PTH • PTH is released with low blood calcium levels • Releases calcium from bones into the blood stream • Antagonist to calcitonin

  11. Adrenal Glands • Located on top of the kidneys • Cortex • Outer layer of Adrenal glands • Stimulated by ACTH • Reacts to long-term stress • Releases glucose into the blood stream over time • Hormones released: aldosterone, cortisol • Aldosterone acts in the renin-angiotensin system • Medulla • Inner section of adrenal glands • Stimulated by direct nervous connection to the brain • Responds to short term stress • Hormones released: epinephrine and norepinephrine

  12. Pancreas • Controls the glucose levels within the bloodstream • Has small groups within called the Islets of Langerhans • Contain two types of secreting cells: • Alpha – releases glucagon • Beta – releases insulin

  13. Pineal Gland • Located in the third ventricle of the brain • Stimulated by the interpretation of light levels outside the body • Regulates the sleep/wake cycle of the body • Hormones released: Melatonin

  14. Thymus • Posterior to the sternum and above the heart • Largest in infants • Regulates the development of white blood cells, and facilitates the growth of T-cells. • Release hormones called thymosins.

  15. Gonads • Ovaries • Stimulated by LH and FSH • Produces estrogen, progesterone • Testes • Produces testosterone

  16. It sucks to get old  • Hormone levels decrease with age • GH production decreases dramatically • Menopause is caused by lack of efficiency of the ovaries • Blood glucose regulation becomes very inefficient.

  17. Disorders of the Thyroid Gland • Hyperthyroid • Graves Disease: Low TSH level and high Thyroxin level, autoimmune, • Symptoms: irritation, bulging eyes (exophthalmia), feel warm • Hypothyroid • Cretinism: developmental problems in infants, mental retardation • Goiters: lack of iodine in food supply, huge thyroid gland

  18. Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex • Cushing Syndrome: too much ACTH • Gain weight, moon face, thinning of hair, weakness of limbs • Addison’s Disease: not enough ACTH, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, elevated red blood cell count,

  19. Diseases of PancreasIslets • Diabetes I: inability to produce insulin, autoimmune disorder in which immune system attacks pancreatic beta cells • Diabetes II: Excessive weight gain, cells lose the ability to respond to insulin because receptors are blocked

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