The Perfect Tense

1. The Perfect Tense

2. The Perfect Tense: • Describes action that was completed in the past • Describes action done at a specific time in the past • Is often translated with “–ed” or the helping verbs “has” “have” or “did”

3. The perfect tense is expressed in Latin by a set of special endings!

4. i isti it imus istis erunt Perfect tense endings

5. These endings are used with verbs of all four conjugations

6. paravi paravisti paravit paravimus paravistis paraverunt The first conjugation:

7. docui docuisti docuit docuimus docuisti docuerunt The second conjugation

8. duxi duxisti duxit duximus duxistis duxerunt The third conjugation

9. audivi audivisti audivit audivimus audivistis audiverunt The fourth conjugation

10. How can I tell if a verb is in the perfect tense? Check endings. • Step 1: If it ends in –i, -isti, -istis,erunt, it is perfect. Step 2: If it ends in –it or –imus, then see if you have that XLSUV. If you do, then it’s perfect. • Of course, you could memorize the 3rd principal part of the verb!

11. What’s this about the 3rd Principal Part of a Verb? • All vbs. have principal parts. paro, parare, paravi, paratus audio, audire, audivi, auditus dico, dicere, dixi, dictus • The 2nd P.P. gives us the root for the present, imperfect, and future tenses (it’s called the present stem)

12. The Third P.P. • Has the XLSUV in it • Has the perfect ending –i • Is also known as the perfect stem • Is used to form the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses.

13. Finis