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European Industrial changes

European Industrial changes. Ch 24. I. Introduction. Population Changes Populations continued to grow but at a more stable rate Economic difficulties caused numerous Europeans to immigrate to the United States Predominantly those from rural regions

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European Industrial changes

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  1. European Industrial changes Ch 24

  2. I. Introduction • Population Changes • Populations continued to grow but at a more stable rate • Economic difficulties caused numerous Europeans to immigrate to the United States • Predominantly those from rural regions • Usually from Ireland or Southern Europe (mostly Mediterranean regions) • Second Industrial Revolution • Late 1800s • Belgium, France and especially Germany caught up to Great Britain • Germany eventually doubled steel production compared to Great Britain • Major innovators • Bessemer- better and more profitable steel production • Daimler- first combustion engine on car • Henry Ford- assembly line vehicles

  3. II. Changes to the Middle Class • Age of the Middle-Class • Focus of consumer goods • Helped boost economy through increased spending • Price of food decreased • More money for non-essentials • Department stores, mail-order catalogs • Urbanization increased access • Increase of uniform sizes (off the rack) rather than tailored. • Middle Class vacations • Non-manual labor Professions • Teachers (increased primary education), shopkeepers and librarians • White-Collar Workers • Secretaries, retail clerks, and lower level government officials/ bureaucrats

  4. III. Urban Reforms • Redevelopment of Paris • Napoleon III ordered Paris to be redesigned • Political mostly (Put down rebellions and prevent barricades) • George Haussmann in charge from 1853-1870 • 1889 Eiffel Tower • Temporary for international trade expo • Was to show how important iron and steel had become to the “modern France” • The Development of Suburbs • Result of railways/subways and improved roadways • Easier to travel • Removal of slums raised property values in cities • Suburbs were more like townhomes in American cities • Created separation from work and home

  5. III. Urban Reforms • Sanitation • Cholera • One of the few diseases that struck individuals of most classes • Believed to be caused by miasmas (pollution) • Also originally blamed for chlamydia and the bubonic plague • Bad smells were major sign of miasmas • Caused by sewage running through cities and into drinking water • Major cause for sanitation reforms

  6. III. Urban Reforms • Sewers and Sewage • Result of the Cholera outbreaks • People started to realize that the “filth” or sewage was the cause • Allowed sewage to be drained underground rather than through the streets • Usually ran out into the rivers • Included water pipelines that brought fresh water in • Used concrete and granite • Greatly improved sanitation • Reduced mortality rates of citizens that lived in these cities

  7. III. Urban Reforms • Housing Reforms • Was a health and political effort • Political- boosted morale of individuals • Health- whole families shared single room apartments which shared a bathroom with a whole hall. • Private companies started to build low cost/ low profit housing • Or low interest loans on regular housing • Purpose was to make it easier for the poor to own a house • Government started to get involved through building of low cost housing and public housing projects

  8. IV. Late 1800s Women Problems for women • Property • Could not own property in most cases • Great Britain- Married Women’s Property Act- allowed ownership of property • Family Law • Most cases, women were legal minors and subject to their husbands or fathers • In case of divorce, a man had an easier time obtaining a divorce • Man would usually gain custody of the children • Education • Women were predominantly limited to a basic education • Women were first admitted to major universities between 1860-1880 • Could not receive a degree until after WWI

  9. IV. Late 1800s Women • Work Force • Women were permitted to enter new careers such as secretarial and clerical • Women tended to educated mostly young children • Were expected to leave the workforce upon giving birth to her first child • Younger women (late teens to mid twenties) who were on their own, tended to lean towards prostitution • Mostly in port cities • Became legalized and heavily regulated (for protection of clients) • Domesticity • Married women became less involved in finances and business dealing • Chief goal was caring for house and children.

  10. IV. Late 1800s Women • Feminism • Sought equality between men and women • Divided on desired levels of equality and extremism • Suffrage • Major goal of most feminist • British Suffragist leaders • Millicent Fawcett (1847-1929)- more political movement, utilized her husband’s political ties with Liberal Party • Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) – radical feminist, would march on parliament, get arrested and go on hunger strikes

  11. V. Communism • Karl Marx • Declared Paris Commune a true proletariat uprising • Criticized labor unions for “selling out” • Short term benefit rather than long term • Did influence a number of socialist movements in Great Britain, France and Germany

  12. V. Communism • Russia • Was behind in industry • Improvements pushed by Alexander III and Nicholas II • Movements led by finance minister Sergei Witte (1892-under Nicholas II) • Improve railways- Trans-Siberian Railroad • Protective tariffs • High taxes • Gold standard • Improve heavy industry • Industries built up by non-Russian investors • Caused strife due to loss of profits • Peasants started to become unhappy due to high prices and long hours • Problems from abolition of serfdom still existed

  13. V. Communism • Vladimir Lenin • Vladimir IlyichUlyanov (1870-1924) • Criticized unions and spontaneous revolutions • Favored professional revolutionaries • Caused a split in the Russian Socialist Democratic Party • Occurred at the 1903 London Congress of Russian Socialist Democratic Party • Called themselves Bolsheviks (after his party gained majority) • Political propaganda reasons • Sought to unite proletariat and peasants

  14. V. Communism • Bloody Sunday • Workers marched on Winter Palace of Nicholas II • Panicked and order his troops to open fire killing 100 • Sparked the 1905 Revolution • After defeat of the Russo-Japanese war • Massive revolts • Workers formed soviets (workers councils) • Resulted in a new constitution but brutal suppressed rebellions • Paved the way for the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 that created the Soviet Union • Lenin’s failed health allowed Stalin to take over.

  15. VI. Conclusion • Improvement in industry allowed for massive buildup of arms that led to WWI • Revolutions in Russia paved the way for the Soviet Union and the later Cold War Brought about the involvement of the Space Marines in World Events

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