The Industrial Revolution and Social Changes

1. The Industrial Revolution and Social Changes • England possesses the Factors of Production • Land, Labor, Capital, and Entrepreneurship • Promotion of investments included: • Insurance, stock markets, and limited liability corporations • Gold Standard • Transnatinoal Companies: United Fruit Company and Hongkongand Shanghai Banking Corporation • Government intervention should be minimal • Social Changes • Work outside home, Follow schedules, Adhere to strict rules • Noise of machines, Pace was much more rapid, Women: back to traditional roles, Social status determine by wealth not family position • Cities: overcrowded, polluted, poorly lit, no police • After 1850 • Higher wages, shorter hours, more leisure time, interest in sports/entertainment, women could be secretaries and in sales, mass production of textiles made clothes cheaper, advertising campaigns • Second Industrial Revolution: 1850 electricity and steel introduced. • Russia,Egypt, and Japan • Russia: 1861 emancipation of serfs moves from agricultural to industrialized society • Gov’t supports railroads, Moscow and St. Petersburg, gov’t banking system, steel production. • Japan: Matthew Perry in 1854 opens Japan up from isolation • Meiji: Enlightened one ended feudalism and centralized government • Samurai’s sent to West to study technology, gov’t, economics • Abolished in 1880’s • Banks, railroads, ships, gov’t, taxes, factories sold off to investors who form conglomerates called Zaibatsu • Lacked coal and iron: dependent on West • Need for empire: Sin-Japanese War between China and Japan for Korea • Russo-Japanese War: Japan defeats Russia for Korea • Western practices in japan: Clothing, Education, metric system, calendar. • No Christianity: Still Shintoism and Confucianism • Egypt: Muhammad Ali industrializes • Lessens dependence on Ottomans, guilt up army, industries, peassants grew cotton/wheat to export, levied high taxes on imported goods. • British force to discontinue, can’t compete with Britain, dependent on goods from England.

2. Demographic and Environmental Developments • Population increase due to Columbian Exchange creates migration patterns and ready labor force • Country to cities • Middle class to suburbs • Decrease in death and birth rates • Large families not needed on farms • Louis Pasteur: germ theory made hygienic practices • Latin America doubles, China, Japan, and Russia increase • Stressed economy and resources in China and Japan • Pollution, contamination, and disease such as rickets • Lack of exposure to sun • Interest in literature, arts, etc. • Romanticism nature through emotion • Natural selection by Darwin • Quantum physics, theory of relativity, psychoanalysis • Patterns of Migration/Immigation • Western Europeans colonize: Americas, India, Africa, Pacific, and SE Asia • Rivalries and disease • Maoris and Native Hawaiians • Syphilis, TB, etc. • Need for imported workers in HI • Chinese/Japanese • Labor needed in Latin America • Brazil and Argentina: get Portuguese and Italians • Men left leaving women home • Russians, Germans, and Jews head to Latin America • Jews from Pogroms: Mass persecutions in Russia • Immigrants face racial and ethnic prejudice • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 • Stopped Chinese immigrations

3. World Trade • Latin American Trade • Sugar plantations, cotton and cacao • Monroe Doctrine • US “hands off” policy towards European colonies • Europe creates trade agreements/partners • Manufactured goods for raw materials • US, France, Britain traded • Foreign investors give nations capital • Industry/transportation under foreign control • Islamic World Trade • Decline with Ottoman Empire • Independence rebellions by Greece and Serbia • Disinterested in Industrialization • Christians and Jews in area traded with West • Tanzimet Reforms to facilitate trade but too late • Young Turks reform fail • Corruption of later leaders • Faltering economy made dependent on Europeans • Extraterritoriality: Europeans in commercial centers live with own laws • Egypt suffers due to Ali’s emphasis on cotton not grain • Decline in cotton price devastates economy • Suez Canal: opens up trade again with Europe, Africa, and Asia benefiting Egypt. • Qing China and Opium Trade • Leftover Ming dynasty who continued trade/travel • Tea, silk, porcelain for silver (basis of economy) • Profitable in S. China • British upset about silver charges, started trading Indian Opium to China • Chinese pay silver for Opium and become addicted • Opium Wars: Britain and China due to blockade by emperor • Britain wins • Treaty of Nanking: opens Hong Kong to British, opened more ports, foreigners control trade in China • Spheres of influence • Russia • Exported grain for machinery • 1861 emancipate serfs; outdated agricultural methods • Japanese Entrance • 1854 needed western equipment and raw materials (coal) • Slave Trade Ends • Religious, enlightenment thought, Haitian rebellion • 1807 Britain and 1867: Cuba, Brazil, African rulers

4. Political Revolutions • American Revolution • John Locke, unalienable rights, social contract • Taxation w/o representation, oppression by British, 1775 begins • Declaration of Independence, natural rights, separation of powers, checks and balances, Bill of Rights. • French Revolution • Estates general (1st, 2nd, 3rd estate-bourgeoisie • Bastille, Tennis Court Oath, National Assembly, Declaration of Rights of Man/Citizen • Reign of Terror, Jacobins, guillotine, suffrage, conscription, foreign invasions, nationalism • Final Stage: Napolean Bonaparte limited legislature, return to authoritarian rule • Censors speech/press, Code of Napoleon, religious freedom, universities created, denied women rights • 1804 Emperor of French Empire • 1812 invades Russia in winter fails, 1814 and 1815 European alliance defeats him • Spreads nationalism throughout Europe • Feminism: 1914 suffrage • Marxism • Class struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat • Haitian Revolution • Black slaves successfully rebel • Slaves, free people of color, French colonists • French revolution aids in chaos, Toussaint L’Overture succeeds • Mexican Independence • Hidalgo calls Mestizos and Indians to rebel against Spain in 1810 • Creoles join and 1821 MX independent and Central American states divide in 1838. • South American phase • Simon Bolivar: Liberates Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. • Jose de San Martin liberates Argentina, Chile then all of Spanish America by 1823. • All republics but MX • Decline of Qing China • Manchu’s still a problem: Corruption, female infanticide, social gaps, braided ponytails, gentry grew nails • Taiping Rebellion: programs of social reform, land redistrubtion, privileges for women • Boxer Rebellion: Revolt against foreigners backed by Qing rulers • Put down by US, Europe, and Japanese coalition.

5. Western Imperialism • Caused by Industrialization and transportation improvements • Needed raw materials and rubber • Produced military weaponry (riffle, machine gun), steam to ships (interior regions of continents), science to study of health (prevent malaria) • Social Darwinism • Nationalism contributes • Italian and German unification, US extension from Atlantic to Pacific (Manifest Destiny) • Negatively in Austrian and Russian Empires • Different cultures and ethnic groups • Scramble for colonies in India and Africa • Brits in India during Mughal decline • Princes divided after Mughal rule let Brits take land • Seven Years War: France and Britain for control of India(first global war) • Sepoys: Indian soldiers attracted to British for high pay • Brits key source of raw materials • British Colonial Society in India • Stratified society with Europeans in highest positions • English in schools, Raj (British gov’t in india) set up telegraph lines, railways • Didn’t train Indians to use these • Sepoy Rebellion • Indian soldiers had to use their teeth to open cartridges for guns. Lubricated with animal fat. • Muslims didn’t eat pork, Hindu’s didn’t eat cattle • Procedure changed but sepoys upset still and rebel • Schools/Universities created by Brits and US missionaries • Educated class of Indians with strong nationalist feelings • 1885 found the Indian National Congress • Greater role for Indians in gov’t with harmony between Indians of diverse religious and social groups. • Imperialism in South Africa • Dutch, Boers, coast to interior • Enslavement and mixing lead to “colored” South Africans • French Rev. saw Brits conquer Cape Town • Kicked Boers out moved to interior (Great Trek), clash with Bantu • Zulu nation defeated Boers, lose to Brits due to tech. • 1850’s Boers create two republics in South Africa • Diamonds discovered and Brits want in, Boers defeat them • British keep coming in to S. Africa esp. after discovery of gold • Boer War: Brits vs. Boers • Boers dominate South Africans republics self govern but later unite, Union of South Africa (Brits control) • Partition of Africa: Berlin Conference partitions Africa (Brits, Fra, Port, Spa, Ger, Bel, Ita) • Liberia and Ethiopia free • No African nation present • Boundaries made by European powers based on cultural and ethnic groups • Nation-state introduced into society • Railways, roads, public works, hospitals, sanitation, etc. • Never teach natives to use it • Forced labor, long hours, low wages • Unable to plow, till own farms leading to malnutrition • SE Asian Imperialism: Malaysia (Brits), Indochina (French), Indonesia (Netherlands) • Import Chinese and Indian laborers if natives fail • Economic Imperialism: Hawaii and Latin America policy of exerting economic control over peoples • Export food products and raw materials, import manufactured goods • Foreign companies export native goods • Rely on Western Industrialization • American economic imperialism in Cuba • Cubans rebel against Spain, US businesses become worried, US battleship Maine explodes in Cuban harbor • Spanish-American War begins: US wins and gets Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, Cuba is independent but controlled by US. • US interests in Central America and Caribbean • Dependent on foreign loans, when couldn’t pay loads they were threatened • US emerges to protect (Cuba, D.R., Nicaragua, Honduras, Haiti