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The Cell

The Cell. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rABKB5aS2Zg&feature=fvwp&NR =1. The Nucleus “Command center”. Nucleolus: Ribosome parts (subunits) are made here. Nuclear Envelope: Phospholipid bilayer surrounds nucleus.

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The Cell

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  1. The Cell http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rABKB5aS2Zg&feature=fvwp&NR=1

  2. The Nucleus“Command center” • Nucleolus:Ribosome parts (subunits) are made here. • Nuclear Envelope: Phospholipidbilayer surrounds nucleus. • Nuclear Pores:Holes in the nuclear envelope that let molecules in and out. Very selective. • Chromatin:Uncondensed DNA & proteins (“open book”) • Chromosomes:Condensed DNA & proteins (“closed book”).Condense for cell division

  3. Ribosomes • Structure: Made of the large and small subunits that are made in the nucleolus. • Bound ribosomes are found on the Rough ER or FREE RIBOSOMES are found in the cytosol. • Function: MAKE PROTEINS • “Assembly line”

  4. Endoplasmic Reticulum—”manufacturer” • Structure: Internal membrane system connected to the nucleus. • Function: • Rough ER: has ribosomes on its surface; proteins are made directly into ER where they can then be modified. • Smooth ER: Lipids are produced (steroids, phospholipids)

  5. Golgi Apparatus—”Post office” • Structure: Stacks of membranes called cisternae that have enzymes in them. • Function: To modify the proteins/lipids that arrived in vesicles from the ER, and to attach carb/lipid mailing labels on the outside of the vesicle to deliver to their final destination.

  6. How do the nucleus, ribosomes, ER, and golgi apparatus work together to help the cell function?

  7. Lysosomes—”Garbage disposal” • Structure: small sac like organelle that is filled with enzymes. • Functions: • Break down food macromolecules, which are _________, __________, and ____________. • Break down old or failing organelles to prevent cluttering of cells. • Destroy the cell from the inside out (programmed cell death)

  8. http://www.biochemweb.org/neutrophil.shtml

  9. Vacuoles—”the closet” • Central vacuole in plants help: • Store essential nutrients (salts, proteins, and carbs) • Holds plants upright by having vacuole full of water • Contractile vacuole pumps water out of organism • Food vacuole stores macromolecules

  10. Chloroplasts“Solar Panel” • Structure: • Light is absorbed by chlorophyll in thylakoid membranes • Function: • Use energy from sunlight to make macromolecules, especially glucose.

  11. Mitochondria—”Powerplant” • Structure: • Enzymes on cristae of inner membranes convert glucose and other food molecules to ATP. • Cristae are folds of the inner membrane that increase surface area to have more space to make ATP. • Function: ATP powers everything in our bodies.

  12. Cytoskeleton—”Highway” • Structure: • Made of different sizes of tubes/filaments. • Microfilaments (smallest) Intermediate filaments, Microtubules (biggest) • Functions: • Microtubules help with cell division and transporting vesicles/organelles around cell. • Microfilaments help with cell movement & communication • Intermediate filaments help with cell shape

  13. Cell Membrane—”Bouncer” • Structure: phospholipidbilayer with proteins and steroids mixed in. • Function: • Boundary that regulates what comes in and out of cell. SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE. • Proteins and steroids are involved in transporting substances across and communicating with other cells.

  14. Cell Wall“Castle Wall” • Algae, some fungi, plants and prokaryotes have these • Structure: • Located outside cell membrane • Made of cellulose in plants, as well as pectins (sticky) • Function: • Provide support and protection for the cell

  15. Cell Transport • Without moving nutrients in and waste out, cells would quickly die. So how do cell membranes do it? • Types: • Passive • Diffusion • Osmosis • Facilitated Diffusion • Active Transport • Endocytosis • Exocytosis

  16. Diffusion • The movement of a solute from an area of high solute concentration (hypertonic) to an area of low solute concentration (hypotonic) • Moves down a concentration gradient • Every solute has its own gradient

  17. Osmosis • The movement of water from an area of high water concentration (hypotonic) to an area of low water concentration (hypertonic)

  18. Facilitated Diffusion • NO ENERGY NEEDED • Proteins help a solute cross the cell membrane • Moves according to concentration gradient • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_works.html

  19. Active Transport • REQUIRES ENERGY. What kind of energy?? • Moves materials from a low to a high concentration. • Three types of active transport: • Pumps • Endocytosis • Exocytosis

  20. Sodium-Potassium Pump • Pumps Sodium (Na+) ions out of cell and potassium (K+) ions into cell against concentration gradient. • What does this use?

  21. Endocytosis • Brings large molecules into cells by cell membrane surrounding molecules and creating food vacuoles. • What attaches to the food vacuoles to break food down? • Pinocytosis = cell drinking • Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis. http://www.biochemweb.org/neutrophil.shtml

  22. Exocytosis • Removal of large amounts of material from cell by vesicle fusing with cell membrane. • Could be waste or materials used somewhere else in body. • Where did the vesicle probably come from?

  23. Endo/Exo animation • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120068/bio02.swf::Endocytosis%20and%20Exocytosis

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