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Cold War and the Third World

Cold War and the Third World. What is the “Third World” ?. The developing nations of Africa, Asia and Latin America, generally less economically advanced. What happened between 1946 and 1960 in the Third World?. 37 new countries emerged.

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Cold War and the Third World

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  1. Cold War and the Third World

  2. What is the “Third World” ? The developing nations of Africa, Asia and Latin America, generally less economically advanced

  3. What happened between 1946 and 1960 in the Third World? 37 new countries emerged

  4. Why did third world countries become a new cold war battleground? • Gaining independence from colonial rule • Not loyal to communism or democracy

  5. Why? Natural resources Markets for US products Containment Allies to defend against Communism US Interests

  6. Eisenhower and Dulles • Self determination of developing world = Revolutions directed by Soviet Union • Revolutions would result in communist nations throughout the Southern Hemisphere

  7. Third World Views Why was it difficult to win loyalty? Just got rid of one outside ruler, no desire for another Resentment of US wealth US often sides with wealthy in emerging nations, not the common people

  8. What methods did the US use to win loyalty of the 3rd World? • Foreign Aid • Schools • Farming • Medical Care • CIA

  9. CIA Powers • Presidential Action without Congressional Approval • Unlimited Spending • Prop up European Democracies • Covert Operations • Assassinations • Bribery of Public Officials • Secret Armies

  10. CIA and IRAN • CIA’s first attempt to overthrow a government • Shah – young and insecure • Problem – Iranian hatred of British owned Anglo-Persian Oil Company

  11. Who steps forward to lead? • Dr. Mohammad Mossadeg • 1951 becomes Prime Minister • Nationalizes Oil Fields

  12. British Reaction? • Refuse payment offer • Shut down refineries • Stop buying Iranian Oil • Convince others to do same *Iran’s economy slips toward bankruptcy

  13. CIA Operation • Eisenhower believes Iran perfect breeding ground for communism • Orders CIA Agent Kim Roosevelt to overthrow Mossadeg

  14. What isAJAX • Get rid of Mossedeg – He has Oil • Bring Shah back – He’s ally of US • CIA and Shah’s men clash with Mossedeg supporters • 400 dead or injured • Mossadeg surrenders

  15. What are the results of the CIA Plot? • Shah returns • Oil Companies split profits with Shah • Plants seeds of Iranian hatred of US

  16. War in Egypt What happens in 1953? Egypt declares Independence from Britain

  17. What does Egypt Demand? • Control of Suez Canal from British • 75% of Western Europe’s oil shipped through canal • $25 M in annual profits from tolls

  18. US Tries to Influence Egypt • US offers loan to build dam • Egypt makes arms deal with Soviets • US cancels loan • Egypt seizes canal • Israel, Britain, France invade Egypt to capture canal • US calls for UN resolution condemning attacks

  19. Results of Suez Incident? • Suez Canal returned to Egypt • Opened Middle East to Soviets • Revealed weaknesses in Western Europe & Pulled U.S. deeper into Middle Eastern Affairs • Eisenhower Doctrine - US promises economic and military aid to pro-Western governments

  20. U.S. and Latin America • U.S. Companies Control more than $7B in natural resources • Strip economies of wealth and profits • Masses live in poverty

  21. U.S. in Cuba • U.S. Control 90% of Cuban mines, ranches & oil • U.S. Controls 50% sugar crop • U.S. Control 3 million acres of Land

  22. Cuban Revolution • 1952 Fulgencio Batista overthrew Cuban government • 1958 Castro leads group of peasants and middle class Cubans in revolt

  23. Castro • Demands control of American properties • U.S. Refuses • Castro turns to Soviets for economic help • 1961 Castro Seizes all American business and signs trade agreement with USSR

  24. Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 • CIA plot to overthrow Castro • Secret force of anti-Castro Cubans lead invasion (La Brigada) • Land at Bay of Pigs • Boats hit coral reefs • Kennedy cancelled air support • All forces killed or captures • American Plot exposed - Kennedy looks weak

  25. Operation Mongoose? • Interrupt Cuban Trade • Raids by Exiles • Plot to overthrow Castro • Invasion of Cuba

  26. Cuban Missile Crisis • October 14, 1962 • U-2 Spy Plan discovers Soviet Missiles in Cuba • Missiles capable of reaching U.S.

  27. Kennedy Options • Negotiation – ruled out • Bombing Missile Sites • Invading Cuba • Naval Blockade

  28. Kennedy announces to Americans October 22, 1962 Naval Blockage of Cuba U.S. at Brink of War

  29. Cuban Missile Crisis • Khruscheve agrees to remove missiles • US must agree never to attack Cuba • Soviet Union demands removal of US missiles from Turkey

  30. Cuban Missile Results • Embarrassment for Khrushchev - looses power replaced by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964 • Kennedy – gains power and prestige • US and USSR admit importance of negotiation: Hot Line installed • Nuclear Arms race continued to escalate but in 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Signed • Cuba remained Communist – America left it alone

  31. Explain the significance of two U.S. actions that caused the Cuban Missile Crisis • Describe one event that led to the escalation of the crisis • Explain the impact on U.S.- Soviet relations

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