WELCOME

1. WELCOME Workshop Penelitian Asosiasi Pendidikan Tinggi Arsitektur Indonesia (APTARI) 9 November 2011

2. Mohammed Ali Berawi, M.Eng.Sc, PhD Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia Editor-in-Chief Value World Journal of the Society of American Value Engineers (SAVE) International http://value-eng.org/education_publications_value_world.php Editor-in-Chief International Journal of Technology Faculty of Engineering - University of Indonesia www.ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id Editorial Board / Invited Reviewer: International Journal of Construction Project Management (Nova Publishers, Canada) International Journal of Project Planning and Finance (CIDI, Ghana) Journal of Construction Engineering and Management (ASCE, USA) Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology (Emerald, UK) International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management (Emerald, UK) International Journal of Physical Sciences (Academic Journals) 'Patriotism is your conviction that this country is superior to all others because you were born in it' (Bernard Shaw)

3. Presentation Structure • Research Philosophy • Research Protocols • Discussion

4. Introduction “A research is suggested to form critically investigating and evaluating a phenomena, with the investigation resulting in an independent contribution to knowledge”

5. What exactly is research? • “Scientific research is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena.” • Kerlinger, 1986 • Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions

6. Research Problems • Research questions ”dominate” the design. • Data and methods are to be selected so that the purpose/objectives/research questions can be addressed. The greatest challenge to any thinker is stating the problem in a way that will allow a solution (Bertrand Russell) Methods Data

7. Philosophical Background Philosophy is the discipline concerned with the questions of: 1. What sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures (metaphysics – ontology) Objectivism  meanings/existence is independent of social actors Subjectivism  meanings/existence is being accomplished by social actors 2. What counts as genuine knowledge (epistemology) Positivism  the application of methods of natural sciences to the study of social reality Realism  a reality is independent, refer to real objects in natural/social worlds Interpretivism  the subjective meaning of social action 3. What are the correct principles of reasoning (logic) 4. How one should live (ethics)

8. We all bring (often implicit?!) assumptions and path dependencies to our research! What knowledge is – ontology How we know it – epistemology What values go into it – axiology How we write about it – rhetoric The process of studying it – methodology (Sexton 2002)

9. Hypothesis Testing A hypothesis is a provisional statement put forward for the sake of argument, or for the purpose of being tested Affirming the consequent Denying the consequent

10. Causation and the logic of Research Design Sector (public or private) A spurious relationship : when 2 variables or events are correlated but not causally related the relationship between 2 variables (coincidental) Age Achievement orientation (low or high) A direct causal relationship is the cause affects the outcome directly, whilst if via other variables called as an indirect causal relationship. Achievement orientation Sector Degree of job security B  C A F A  B  C  D  E  F  G D  E Long causal chain Multiple indirect path

11. Designing Research Protocols • State Research Questions • Review literature and select appropriate framework. • Design research study (to answer your research questions) using a quantitative, qualitative or mixed methodology. • Select sample (note: your sampling method determines who you can generalize your findings to).

12. Designing a Research Study (cont’d) • Collect data (data can be qualitative, quantitative or both). • Analyze data (using appropriate techniques). • Interpret results • Disseminate findings (write and present findings in understandable language).

13. Research Process and Milestones Start Source: Professor Ghassan Aouad, Pro Vice Chancellor for Research, Innovation and Internationalisation, University of Salford, LITERATURE REVIEW (Information from Existing knowledge) “THE GAP” and “THE RATIONALE OF RESEARCH” What is your contribution to knowledge? Identification of the PROBLEM Definition of the AIM Establish Objectives and Hypothesis Identification of the research population Develop Research Plan Quantitative Identification of data to be collected qualitative Identification of means of data collection Questionnaires, interviews, survey Identification of means of data analyses Development of model/ frame work / and Evaluation Contribution to existing knowledge Contribution to existing knowledge Write up Conclusion

14. Focusing on a topic Asking questions while planning the research - Is the topic researchable? - Is the topic of enough interest? - Will the results be of interest to others? - Is the topic likely to be publishable? • Does the study (a) fill a gap, (b) replicate, • (c) extend, or (d) develop new ideas in the scholarly literature?

15. To Do List • In order to do an appropriate research design one must carefully formulate a research question. • To answer your research question, you will need to choose an appropriate research method or combination of methods, and then do appropriate analyses ( analyses are not necessarily statistical).

16. Good Research Robust Methodology Clear aim, objectives, hypothesis, research Questions Good data collection and analysis methods Comprehensive literature review, Critical Analysis Strong Validation, Good reflections Confidence, Other researchers will use as a reference Original findings Appropriate structure of chapters (flow) Writing style (exciting) Evidence based, Well scoped (focus) Intellectuality and creativity are evident Strong theoretical underpinnings Researching a phenomena Contribution to knowledge clearly described

17. Weak methodology • Ambiguity in defining the aim, objectives, • Weak data collection and analysis methods • Superficial literature review • Superficial analysis • Badly presented (spelling) • Findings are not clearly reported • No reflections • Expected findings • No structure (flow) • Opinion based (unsupported statements) • No scope, all over the place • No intellectuality or creativity • Weak theoretical underpinnings Weak Research

18. Writing Barriers • Lack of momentum to write • Limited writing support available • Lack of time for writing • Lack of confidence • Fear of criticism and rejection • Limited knowledge of research process • Poor writing skills

19. Effective writers • five habits of effective academic writers • 1. Write regularly • 2. Set realistic goals • 3. Start writing before they are ready • 4. Seek help on early drafts • 5. Spend time on revision • Boice, R. (1990). Professors as writers: A self-help guide to productive writing. Stillwater, Oklahoma: New Forums Press. strategies of professional writers • Schedule daily writing • Set daily word or page goals • Put off judging text during creation • Keep records of production • Reward goal achievement • Control writing setting and conditions • Obtain advice and feedback Zimmerman, B. J. (1998). Academic studying and the development of personal skill: A self-regulatory perspective. Educational Psychologist, 33, 73-86.

20. Never give up Get organised Think out of the box Focus Critical Literature Networking Directions Good Methodology Ownership Dealing with problems Get Publish Encouragement Rigour

21. 1 INTRODUCTION Problem statement Aim Research Approach BACKGROUND Critical Literature Current theory Current practice 3 4 2 CONTRIBUTION Research duration, budget, contribution. Research Method Design of works Conclusion: Preparing The Research Proposal

22. The harder we work, the luckier we seem to be