History Quick Fact

1. History Quick Fact • Helped in the French Revolution. • Made himself Emperor after victory. • Was exiled to an island. • Escaped from exile- went back to France and took over again. • Lost another battle and was exiled again where he died. • Didn’t like his wife’s name (Rose) so he changed it to Josephine (and she went along with it)

2. Election of 1800 Federalist w/Charles C. Pinckney (Pinckney’s Treaty) -Ruled by wealthy class -Strong Federal Gov’t. -Emphasis on manufacturing -Loose interpretation of Constitution -British Alliance Democratic/Republican w/ Aaron Burr -Rule by the People -Strong State Gov’t -Emphasis on Agriculture -Strict interpretation of Constitution -French Alliance John Adams v. Thomas Jefferson

3. Election of 1800 • Election Results: • Jefferson – 73 votes • Burr – 73 votes • Adams – 65 votes • Pinckney – 63 votes • Peaceful change of political power from one party to another • The tied race led to the Twelfth Amendment (1804 –separate ballot for president and vice-president.) • House of Representative held 36 votes until finally Jefferson was elected. • 3rd President of the United States: • Thomas Jefferson

4. Jefferson’s Policies -Less formal -Wanted to limit the powers of government Inaugural Address: - Tried to reassure his political opponents “Let us, then, fellow citizens, unite…We are all republicans, we are all federalists” - Protection of civil liberties “Government, which shall restrain men from injuring one another…” - Limited Government - Was integral in creation of a federal city, independent of the interests of any one state… Washington D.C.

5. Jefferson in Office • Alien & Sedition Acts were allowed to expire • Lowered military spending/reduced size of army & navy • Wanted to get rid of Domestic Taxes • Kept the National Bank even though he had fought against it. Local

6. Marbury v. Madison • First decision by the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional (1803). • This was the first time the Supreme Court struck down a law because it was unconstitutional. It was • the beginning of the practice of • "judicial review.“ – court’s authority to • review & approve or nullify laws & acts. Violated the constitution

7. Stop and Think • What do you know about Louisiana? • What have we learned about Louisiana so far? (Hint: think about the Pickney Treaty) • Why was this area so important to us? • Was Louisiana a state at this point in time?

8. American Settlers on the move Settlers start moving West of the Appalachian Mountains toward the Mississippi River – rely heavily on the Miss. River for transporting goods, etc.

9. Spain’s frustrations: Spanish realize it will be impossible to keep the colonist out of their territory!

10. Spain’s solution: Sell Louisiana to the French and close the port of New Orleans to American shipping

11. France was led by Napoleon Bonaparte and through his leadership France conquered most of Europe. France controlled Haiti and hoped that by taking control of New Orleans/Louisiana they could begin to expand into North America.

12. However, when the slaves in Haiti revolted and the French army was defeated, their hopes of expansion were ruined. Although he unofficially led the nation politically during the revolution, Toussaint L'Ouverture is considered the father of Haiti. Considered one of the only successful slave uprisings in history

13. Jefferson sends Robert Livingston & James Monroe to France to try to buy New Orleans. They meet with minister Charles Talleyrand (XYZ) • When they offered to purchase New Orleans… they were surprisingly offered all of Louisiana. • Napoleon needed $$ to fund his war in Europe and hoped that a larger US would be a threat to Great Britain • They accepted the offer to buy Louisiana for $15 million

14. Jefferson’s Concerns Jefferson was worried about the deal. The Constitution did not mention the purchase of foreign lands. He had a strict interpretation of the Constitution and did not want to stray from it.

15. Senate’s Response: Jefferson asked the Senate for permission and they agreed.

16. The Louisiana Purchase On October 20, 1801 the Louisiana Territory was bought- doubling the size of the U.S.

17. States that were a part of the Louisiana Purchase:

18. Lewis & Clark President Jefferson asked Congress to fund an expedition to explore the West. He chose former army captain Meriwether Lewis as leader, who then chose William Clark to be co-leader

19. HISTORY QUICK FACT: Francis Scott Key • Wrote the national anthem “The Star-Spangled Banner” • Wrote it after witnessing the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812

20. The Coming of War US had to briefly go to war to stop the Barbary pirates of North Africa from holding their ships for ransom USS Constitution, a large warship was sent over to stop the pirates

21. VS Violations of Neutrality Great Britain and France were at war - each side wanted to stop the US from giving goods to the other. British ships began to practice IMPRESSMENT capture US citizens claiming were British Navy sailors trying to escape. Forcing people to serve in the army or navy

22. Jefferson is easily reelected in 1804 Jefferson is easily reelected in 1804

23. US Reacts: • The Embargo Act: • Banned trade with allforeign countries • Effect: lost a lot of • money $$ in trade

24. Citizens were furious. Congress responds: Non-Intercourse Act: banned trade onlywith Britain and France

25. Conflict in the West British agents from armed the Native Americans to slow down westward expansion Colonists were angry and scared

26. Tecumseh vs. Harrison • A Native American leader emerged Tecumseh • Governor of the Indian Territory- William Henry Harrison- was worried

27. Battle of Tippecanoe Harrison told Tecumseh to “follow the treaty signed which gave the land to the Americans” Tecumseh said “white people had no right to take land” Tecumseh tried to band tribes together and form a confederation A political league for offense and defense, sometimes formed by two or more tribes Harrison attacked while he was trying to do so, Tecumseh was defeated Tecumseh fled to Canada

28. Cause for War? • Impressments • Interference with American shipping • British military aid to Native Americans

29. Call for WAR! • War Hawks- members of Congress who wanted to go to war against Britain • Invade Canada • Stop British influence on Native Americans Led by: Henry Clay (KY) John Calhoun (SC) Felix Grundy (TN)

30. Against War • New England Federalists • It would hurt trade (lose $$$) • Others • U.S. was not ready for a war with Britain • Army/navy too small & poorly equipped

31. Election of 1808 James Madison – 4th President

32. To Battle or not to Battle • President Madison decided that Congress must vote on war. • He blasted Great Britain’s conduct • Congress voted, the War Hawks won! • First time Congress had declared war!

33. War of 1812 EARLY BATTLES: AT SEA • Americans had many victories at sea against the British • The British Navy was bigger but was scattered around the world

34. USS Constitution ~ (Old Ironsides) Naval victories raised American morale Eventually British ships blockaded America’s seaports

35. Battles on Border

36. Our Luck Changes: The Battle of Lake Erie 1813 • British surrender • U.S. gains control of lake, now can march into Canada • Tecumseh dies during a battle on Canadian land

37. Battle of the Thames River October 1813 • General William Henry Harrison marched his army into Canada • He defeated combined forces of British troops and Native • Americans • Ended British • power in the NW • Death of Tecumseh

38. Creek War aka Redsticksrebellion • CreekIndians were angry at settlers for pushing onto their land • A large force attacked Fort Mims; destroying the fort and killing close to 250. • Andrew Jackson, commander of Tennessee militia, gathered 2000 troops and moved against the Creek. • Jackson won the famous “Battle of Horseshoe Bend.” • Treaty of Fort Jackson signed late in 1814 ended the Creek War and forced the Creek nation to give up millions of acres of land

40. The British Fight Back • The British defeat the French (1814) • now able to send more troops to fight the Americans

41. British Attack Washington, D.C. • Capital attacked • President Madison forced to flee • British set fire to the White House and Capitol

42. Washington burned by the British August 24, 1814 ~ Pres Madison & a helper (prob Sec. of War John Armstrong) carry papers as they flee. The burning of Washington was retaliation for US forces burning Toronto in April 1813. Brigadier General William Winder sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and torched the Capitol.

43. Fort McHenry • British sail to Baltimore, Maryland • They shelled Fort McHenry for 25 hours • Americans refused to surrender • British retreated; US flag was still waving • Francis Scott Key witnessed this battle and was inspired to write the national anthem

44. Battle of New Orleans • If British capture New Orleans they would control the Mississippi River • Jackson was sent to stop this attack • His troops: • soldiers, free African Americans, Native Americans, state militia and pirates • Jackson led a surprise attack • Caught in an open field, the British were defeated • This battle made Andrew Jackson a hero (>2000 British soldiers killed or wounded)

45. The Treaty of Ghent • Ended the War of 1812 • Signed BEFORE the Battle of New Orleans! • Everyone gave back all territory they had conquered.

46. Impressment of American sailors • Interference with American shipping • British military aid to Native Americans • Increased sense of national pride • American manufacturing boosted • Native American resistance weakened