THE NEW FRONTIER Cause and Effects

1. THE NEW FRONTIER Cause and Effects

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SS.912.A.6.5 Explain the impact of World War II on domestic government policy SS.912.A.6.13 Analyze significant foreign policy events during the Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon administrations SS.912.A.6.14 Analyze causes, course, and consequences of the Vietnam War SS.912.A.7.1 Identify causes for Post-World War II prosperity and its effects on American society SS.912.A.7.4 Evaluate the success of 1960s era presidents' foreign and domestic policies. SS.912.A.7.10 Analyze the significance of Vietnam and Watergate on the government and people of the United States SS.912.A.7.13 Analyze the attempts to extend New Deal legislation through the Great Society and the successes and failures of these programs to promote social and economic stability.

3. Post War America and the New Frontier Main Idea: After WW2 drastic social, economic, and political changes transformed the way Americans live, work, and explore.

4. Post War Economy U.S. had to change from a wartime to a peacetime economy. Effects: • Many people lost their jobs (mostly defense workers) • Soldiers coming home could not find jobs (unemployment of 3 million people by 1946) • Prices on goods jumped up (inflation)

5. Source http://diazsocialstudies.org/ahistory_units_2.htm#COLD1

6. Post War Prosperity (Economy) • It very common to have an economic depression after a war • The American Post War economy was able to recover quickly How was the economy able to recover, leading to prosperity? • During the war, people were limited on what they could buy (rationing). • With the war over, people wanted goods they had gone without

7. Post War Prosperity (Economy) How was the economy able to recover, leading to prosperity? • Americans had more than $135 billion in saving from work, service pay, and war bonds to pay for goods • They had money to spend • Production of these goods created new jobs • During the Cold War lots of spending on military created new jobs

8. President Truman’s Timeline

9. Post War Prosperity (Economy) Marshall Plan: • Helping Western Europe recover from the war made it possible for the U.S. to sell their goods there • An American aid program in Europe was provided to support the war-torn countries after WW2 in attempt to stop the spread of communism

10. Post War Prosperity (Economy) Truman’s Fair Deal: This was an economic program to add to Roosevelt’s “New Deal” Proposed: • Nationwide system of healthcare for everyone • Crop-subsidy system to provide steady income for farmers The Fair Deal was not supported by Congress.

11. Post War Prosperity (Economy) Truman’s Fair Deal: This was an economic program to add to Roosevelt’s “New Deal” Outcomes: • Raised minimum wage from 40 cents to 75 cents • Extend Social Security to about 10 million people • Irrigation and flood control projects to help farmers • Build new housing units for low income families

12. Post War America (Civil Rights) Just like after WW1, after WW2 had an increase in racial violence. Truman stated, “I am asking for equality of opportunity for all human beings” and supported civil rights by: • Created a Commission on Civil Rights that included anti-lynching law, a ban of poll tax to vote and desegregating the military • Congress did not pass these laws

13. Post War America (Civil Rights) Truman takes action (issues executive orders) for civil rights Outcomes: • Order the military to desegregate • End of discrimination in hiring government employees • Cannot discriminate and stop African American’s from living in residential neighborhoods

14. Post War America The American Dream Key Details: • Americans were more concerned with their families and jobs • New technologies and businesses created new opportunities • By the end of the 1950’s, Americans had the highest standard of living in the world • The “American Dream” (a happy and successful life) seemed to be in reach of many people

15. Post War America: The American Dream The GI Bill of Rights • This gave veterans tuition money for an education, unemployment benefits, low interest loans • Millions of young families used these benefits to buys homes or start a new business

16. Post War America: The American Dream After WW2, there was a huge housing shortage (not enough homes) Outcome: • Develop a way to make mass produced new homes efficiently • New homes were built in small residential communities that surrounded the cities (suburbs) • Many young families moved in these suburbs which created a new culture and lifestyle • In the 1950’s, 85% of new homes were built in the suburbs

17. Post War America: The American Dream The Suburban Lifestyle: • The suburbs supported American’s desire for the “American Dream” • This dream included affordable family homes, good schools, a safe healthy environment for children, and friendly neighbors

18. Post War America: The American Dream This time is referred to as the “baby boom” when there is a great increase in the number of babies bornimmediately after the war What were the causes of the Baby Boom? • Reunion of husbands and wives after the war • People getting married at a younger age • A desire for a large family • Economic prosperity • New medical advances (polio vaccine)

19. Post War America: The American Dream The Automobile Culture: • Living in the suburbs made owning a car necessary • The rise of cars of on the road rose 50% during the 1950’s • More cars means that more roads were needed. • The Interstate Highway System (1956) was created, adding 41,000 miles of expressways

20. Post War America: The American Dream Consumer Culture: • By 1955, 60% of Americans were “the middle class” which double the previous WWII amount in the middle class. • Americans wanted and had the money to buy a larger amount goods and new products. • Consumers demand for new products: electric household appliances, recreational items, televisions, tape recorders, new hi-fi record players, casual clothing, outdoor home items, etc. • Manufacturing began to make the new products where in a short period of time, products would wear out or become outdated. • Therefore, Americans expected new and better products (became known as the “throw away society”)

21. Post War America: Popular Culture Mass Media and Subculture: • The rise of television leads to new ways for businesses to advertise their products • Television in the 1950’s portrayed the ideal “American Dream” lifestyle and avoided issues such as racial discrimination and civil rights

22. Post War America: Popular Culture Mass Media and Subculture: • Rock-n-Roll was created in the mid 1950’s which grew out of blues, country, and pop music (Elvis Presley) • This created a “generation gap” between Americans who grew up during the war and the new baby boom generation

23. Timeline of JFK’s Presidency

24. The New Frontier: Kennedy’s Vision

25. The New Frontier: Kennedy’s Vision Source http://www.slideshare.net/reghistory/the-1960s-the-charm-and-the-challenges

26. The New Frontier: Kennedy’s Vision Proposed: • Be new “pioneers” by exploring new areas in space and science • Provide medical care for seniors • Rebuild urban areas • Aid to education and poverty (Peace Corp) However, just like Truman, Kennedy could not get Congress to pass some of his reforms

27. The New Frontier: Space Race • U.S. and Soviet began to compete in a “space race” (part of the Cold War) • The Space Race (explore out in Space) began in the 1950’s • Soviet Union took an early lead: Sputnik satellite in 1957 • This caused the U.S. to spend a great amount of money on space program to catch up with the Soviets • A few months later, U.S. launched its first satellite

28. The New Frontier: Space Race • In April 1961, the Soviet sent the first human in space (Yuri Gagarin) • In May 1961, the U.S. sent Alan Shephard in space • Kennedy challenged America to be the first nation to send a human to the moon by the end of the decade. • NASA at Cape Canaveral, Florida created new launch facilities for the purpose of going to the moon. • In July 1969, U.S. (Neil Armstrong) took the first steps on the moon.

29. The New Frontier: Space Race Outcomes of the Space Program: • Universities focused on science and math programs • Huge amounts of money was spent for technological research and development • Rise of new technologies and industries • New consumers goods as a result of new technology Source: http://pics-about-space.com/space-race-timeline-nasa?p=5#img17796874083114992707

30. The New Frontier: Kennedy’s New Military Strategy • Kennedy was concerned about the Cold War and the Soviet threat. • He believed that Eisenhower did not do enough and wanted to change the U.S. military and nuclear weapon strategy. What did Kennedy do? • Increase military spending for regular military forces- troops, ships, and weapons • Tripled the amount of nuclear weapons in the U.S. to balance out the Soviet Union (arms race) • This allowed the U.S. to fight limited wars around the world while hopefully to deter the Soviet to use their nuclear weapons

31. The New Frontier: Crisis in Cuba • Revolutionary Castro took control of Cuba in 1959 from Dictator Batista. • Castro declared himself a communist and welcome Soviet aid. • Castro took over American oil and sugar companies • Eisenhower cut off foreign relation with Cuba • About 10% of Cuban went into exile, most coming to the United States

32. The New Frontier: Crisis in Cuba Bay of Pigs: • U.S. began to train Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba to defeat Castro • In April 1961, about 1,500 Cuban exiles landed in Cuba (Bay of Pigs) • Hoped to spark a mass uprising to overthrow Castro • Bay of Pigs was a complete failure

33. The New Frontier: Crisis in Cuba Cuban Missile Crisis: • Soviet Union promised to defend Cuba with weapons • In the summer of 1962, the flow of Soviet weapons including nuclear weapons increased a lot • On October 14, 1962, American planes found Soviet missile bases in Cuba ready to launch • On October 22, Kennedy informed the nation of Soviet missile sites in Cuba. He wanted to remove them • Kennedy states that any missile attack from Cuba would cause a full force attack on the Soviet Union

34. The New Frontier: Crisis in Cuba Cuban Missile Crisis: • For the next 6 days, the world was very tense over the possible of a nuclear war • Soviet ships were on route to Cuba carrying more missiles • The U.S. Navy blockaded Cuba to prevent ships from going to Cuba • To avoid a confrontation, the Soviet ships stopped and turned away • Soviets offered to remove the missile in return for the Americans to not invade Cuba • This ended the very tense crisis of a nuclear war

35. The New Frontier: Ways to Ease Tension Kennedy’s main goal is to make sure communism does not spread to other countries around the world. To help ease the tension and prevent a possible nuclear, Kennedy did the following: • Set up a “hot line between the U.S. and Soviet Union to allow the two leaders to talk on the phone in the event of a crisis • Set up the Limited Test Ban Treaty Communication between the Pentagon and the Kremlin

36. Kennedy is Assassinated A nation is in shock and mourns the loss of it’s President.

37. The Great Society: President Johnson’s Vision • Outlined an agenda to end poverty and racial injustice. • Wanted a program that would not just create a higher standard of living and equal opportunity, but also have a richer quality of life for all. • First on Johnson’s agenda: Civil Rights Act of 1964 (July 1964) prohibiting discrimination.

38. The Great Society: Johnson’s Vision Source http://slideplayer.com/slide/6227437/

39. Source http://slideplayer.com/slide/6227437/

40. The Great Society: The War of Poverty Economic Opportunity Act (August 1964) • Created youth programs, anti-poverty support, small business loans, and job training.

41. The Great Society: The War of Poverty Economic Opportunity Act (August 1964) The EOA created these programs: • Job Corp Youth Training Program • VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) • Project Head Start- education program for low income preschoolers • Community Action Program- encouraged poor people to work in public-works programs

42. Building the Great Society The Great Society attempted to extend the “New Deal” with an emphasize on ending poverty and racial injustice Great Society Programs: • Elementary and Secondary Education Act- 1965: $1 billion in federal aid to purchase textbooks and new library materials • Medicare Act- 1965: Establish Medicare (provides hospital insurance and low cost medical insurance for Americans 65 and older) and Medicaid (provides health insurance and medical care to people on welfare and/or to people with disabilities

43. Building the Great Society Great Society Programs: • Established the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provide low-rent public housing and help families pay for better private housing, • Immigration Act of 1965- ended immigration quotas based on nationality • Water Quality Act of 1965 and the Clean Air Amendment • Consumer Protection- set standards for labeling consumer goods

44. Impact of the Great Society • The power and reach of the federal government was due to this being an activist period of time in American History. • The “ War on Poverty” programs did help Americans. • The number of people living in poverty fell from 21% to 11% by 1973. • However, funding the Great Society added to our national debt. • Questioned how efficient and effective these programs were run

45. Vietnam War From November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on April 1975 American involvement in the war was to prevent a Communist takeover of South Vietnam This was part of a wider containment strategy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism

46. Vietnam War JOHNSON & FOREIGN POLICY (1963-1969) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Escalation of War in Vietnam U.S. Combat Troops Sent into South Vietnam Operation Rolling Thunder The My Lai Massacre Tet Offensive Opposition to Vietnam War

47. Vietnam War

48. Vietnam War Initially in 1963 2000 military advisors were sent over President Johnson added troops in 1965 commencing air strikes on North Vietnam and committing ground forces In 1968 troops numbered 536,000

49. Timeline of Vietnam War

50. Vietnam War Key Events Gulf of Tonkin Incident: The U.S. destroyer Maddoxwas fired on by North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: 1964- Congress gave the president broad powers to wage war in Vietnam Tet Offensive: 1968- A massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities My Lai: Village in South Vietnam where more than 200 unarmed civilians, including women and children, where massacred by U.S. troops