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The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815

The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815. How to balance power and restore order after Napoleon?. Where’s Napoleon?. September 1812 – suffers major defeat in Russia 1813 – constant pressure put on Napoleon and Imperial Army by Austria, Russia, Britain, Prussia and Spain

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The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815

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  1. The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815 How to balance power and restore order after Napoleon?

  2. Where’s Napoleon? • September 1812 – suffers major defeat in Russia • 1813 – constant pressure put on Napoleon and Imperial Army by Austria, Russia, Britain, Prussia and Spain • Spain and GB defeat Napoleon on Iberian Peninsula prior to 1813 • Coalition armies defeat Napoleon in • Leipzig (Germany) Oct. 1813 – Battle of Nations • March 1814 – allied forces march in Paris • Napoleon abdicates • Napoleon exiled to island of Elba in Mediterranean • Treaty of Chaurmont – restored Bourbon monarchy and returned France to 1792 borders!!

  3. Concert of Europe • Quadruple Alliance = The Big Four • Holy Alliance? Why didn’t it work? • And France?: Talleyrand! (Quintuple Alliance) • Wants France to remain a “player” in the European balance of power game

  4. Napoleon Returns! (for 100 days) • Escape from Elba and march across Europe/France • March 1, 1815 – Napoleon arrives in Paris • Builds army from loyal supporters • Promises liberal constitution and peace (no more war) • Duke of Wellington (GB) and Field Marshal von Blücher (Prussia) • Take on Napoleonic forces at Waterloo • Use Napoleon’s tactics (esp. divide and conquer) against him • Napoleon no longer as decisive as he used to be • June 18, 1815 - Allies defeat Napoleon at Waterloo, Belgium

  5. Geographical Changes • Restored old French boundaries (1792) • After Waterloo: French pay indemnity + support occupation army • Congress Compromise: • Prussia used as “sentinel on the Rhine” vs. France • New Kingdom of Netherlands: Belgium+Holland = buffer zone btw. France and Prussia • Northern Italy under Austria as buffer vs. France • Why? • New form of diplomacy = attempt to KEEP THE PEACE • Treaties NOW made between NATIONS not IND. RULERS

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