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The Tools of our Trade: AACR2/RDA and MARC Ann Chapman Policy & Advice Team. UKOLN is supported by:. What are our Tools?. AACR/RDA = content standard for resource description and access

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  1. The Tools of our Trade: AACR2/RDA and MARC Ann Chapman Policy & Advice Team UKOLN is supported by:

  2. What are our Tools? • AACR/RDA = content standard for resource description and access • MARC = communication and exchange format providing a structure for encoding the content of bibliographic and authority data Related to: • ISBD = rules that organise the bibliographic description of an item in a catalogue • FRBR = a entity-relational model of the data required to find, identify, select and obtain resources

  3. ISBDs • International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions • Developed 1969 onwards by IFLA • Defined seven areas of description and their order • Title • Statement of Responsibility • Edition • Resource specific information • Publication details • Physical description • Series information • Notes and standard identifiers

  4. FRBR • Functional Requirements of Bibliographic Records • IFLA study 1998 • Entity-relationship model that defines: • Tasks: find, identify, select, obtain • Resource relationships:work, expression, manifestation, item • Entities: people, corporate bodies • Entities: concepts, objects, events, places

  5. AACR • Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules • A content standard for bibliographic description and access • Bibliographic – not just books • Key principles • One principle entry per resource • Catalogue from item in hand • Chief source of information

  6. AACR timeline • 1967 UK and US editions • 1978 2nd unified edition, consistent with ISBDs • 1997 Toronto conference on AACR2 • 1998 FRBR • 2005 Develop RDA not AACR3 • 2009 RDA launch (provisional)

  7. AACR 2 • Part 1: Description • Chapter 1: General rules • Chapters 2 -12: Resource type - specific rules • Chapter 13: Analytic entries • Part 2: Headings, Uniform Titles, References • Chapter 21: Choice of access points • Chapters 22 – 26: Construction of access points • Appendices • A: Capitalisation, B: Abbreviations, C: Numerals,D: Glossary, E: Initial articles

  8. What’s wrong with AACR? • Increasingly complex • Lack of logical structure • Mixing content and carrier data • Seriality and hierarchical relationships • Anglo-American centric viewpoint • Written before FRBR • Not enough support for collocation • Unclear relationship with MARC Format

  9. RDA – The Aims • Rules should be easy to use and interpret • Be applicable to an online, networked environment • Provide effective bibliographic control for all types of media • Encourage use beyond the library community • Be compatible with other similar standards • Have a logical structure based on internationally agreed principles • Separate content and carrier data • Examples – more of them, more appropriate

  10. How is RDA being developed? • Joint Steering Committee (JSC) • ACOC, ALA, BL, CCC, CILIP, LC • Editor: Tom Delsey • Task focused working groups • GMD/SMD, Examples • Draft – responses – revised drafts – responses/acceptance • Final product – the publishers

  11. RDA Timelime • 2005 • Prospectus issued • Draft of chapters relating to description • Content and carrier studies • 2006 and 2007 • Further drafts of chapters on description and access • Work on appendices and glossary • 2008 • First public view of online product (in August at IFLA conference) • 2009 • Launch of online product

  12. What will RDA look like? - 1 • Section 1: Recording manifestation attributes • Ch. 1 General guidelines • Ch. 2 Identifying manifestations and items • Ch. 3 Describing carriers (technical description) • Ch. 4 Providing acquisition and access information (terms of availability, etc.)

  13. What will RDA look like? - 2 • Section 2: Recording attributes of work and expression • Ch. 5 General guidelines (incl. construction of access points for works and expressions) • Ch. 6 Identifying works and expressions (e.g. uniform and collective titles, etc.) • Ch. 7 Describing additional attributes of works and expressions (incl. nature and coverage of content, intended audience, etc.)

  14. What will RDA look like? - 3 • Section 3: Ch. 8, 9, 10, 11Recording attributes of person, family and corporate body (= name headings) • Section 4: Ch. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16Recording attributes of concept, object, event and place (= subject headings) • Section 5: Ch. 17Recording primary relationships between work, expression, manifestation and item • Section 6: Ch. 18, 19, 20, 21, 22Recording relationships to persons, families and corporate bodies associated with a resource

  15. What will RDA look like? – 4 • Section 7: Ch. 23Recording subject relationships • Section 8: Ch. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28Recording relationships between works, expressions, manifestations and items • Section 9: Ch. 29, 30, 31, 32Recording relationships between persons, families and corporate bodies • Section 10: Ch. 33, 34, 35, 36, 37Recording relationships between concepts, objects, events and places

  16. What will RDA look like? - 5 • Appendices A: Capitalisation B: Abbreviations C: Initial articles D: Record syntaxes for descriptive data E: Record syntaxes for access point control data F: Additional instructions on names of persons G: Titles of nobility, rank, etc. H: Conversion of dates to Gregorian calendar J, K, L, M: Relationship designators Glossary Index

  17. RDA – What will it be? • An online resource, potentially: • Complete text • Concise text • Tailored texts (law, medical, etc.) • Training resource • Incorporated into LMS cataloguing modules • Loose-leaf print version(s)

  18. RDA and beyond • RDA aims to be: • Independent of communication formats • UNIMARC, MARC, MARCXML, MODS/MADS • DC, EAD, ISBD, VRA, MPEG7 • Compatible / better aligned with other similar standards • Archives: ISAD(G) • Museums: Cataloging Cultural Objects

  19. RDA and MARC • Mapping RDA and MARC 21 • Report issued in Nov. 2006 and discussed at MARBI Midwinter 2007 • How will RDA impact on MARC 21? • Are new fields or subfields needed? • How will MARC 21 impact on RDA? • Data provisions in MARC 21 not covered in current draft of RDA

  20. MARC – 1960s • Library of Congress project • Database of catalogue records • Production of catalogue cards • US & UK versions • Reflected differing cataloguing practices • Developed in parallel but not identical ways

  21. MARC – 1970s Variant formats developed • Based on either US or UK formats (AUSMARC, DANMARC, KORMARC, etc.) • USMARC developed 8 material formats (Books, Serials, Maps, etc.) UNIMARC developed in 1977 by IFLA • Intended as exchange format • Used as the Bib format in some countries (e.g. France)

  22. MARC – Recent changes • Expansion of USMARC to a family of formats • Bibliographic, Holdings, Authority, Classification, Community Information • Integration of USMARC bibliographic format • Previous 8 formats integrated • Widespread adoption of MARC 21 • Some countries simply adopt USMARC • 1997 – USMARC & CANMARC become MARC 21 • 2003/4 – MARC 21 enhanced by UK proposals; British Library adopts MARC 21 • 2006/7 – MARC 21 enhanced by German proposals: this will enable libraries to move from MAB to MARC 21

  23. MARC Structure • Leader • 0xx – control numbers, coded data • 1xx – primary access point • 2xx – description, GMD, edition, publication • 3xx – physical description • 4xx – series • 5xx – notes • 6xx – subject access points • 7xx – additional access points • 8xx – series added entries • 9xx – local fields

  24. Maintaining MARC 21 • Twice yearly MARBI meetings • Discussion papers • Proposals • UK and MARC 21 • BIC Bibliographic Standards Group • lis-ukbibs@jiscmail.ac.uk

  25. MARC and XML • MARC has alpha-numeric 3-digit tags • 100.1 Personal Name • 245 $a Title $b Subtitle • XML has element labels • <namePersonIndirectOrder> • <title> <titleSubtitle> <titleCoverTitle>

  26. Looking into the crystal ball • FRBR • Potential influence on cataloguing systems • Authority records, uniform titles, work records • OPACs • Multiple interfaces for different audiences • Enhance for accessibility - supports all users • Links (actual resources, restrictions, supporting or associated resources) • RDA • Used outside the library domain

  27. Contact details • Ann Chapman • a.d.chapman@ukoln.ac.uk • http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/bib-man/

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