Restoration and enlightenment

1. Restoration and enlightenment 1640-1780

2. Keep this in mind as you read… • What were the essential features of Puritanism? • What factors contributed to the outbreak of the English civil war? • What were the goals of the English Enlightenment?

3. Brit. Lit. Important evetns: • 1667- John Milton published Paradise Lost • 1678- John Bunyan publishes Pilgrim’s Progress • 1719- Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe • 1729- Jonathan Swift publishes A Modest Proposal • Samuel Johnson publishes A Dictionary of the English Language • Encyclopedia Britannica begins publication

4. Important British Events • 1666- Great Fire of London occurs • 1687- Newton publishes theory of gravitation • 1707- England and Scotland unite as Great Britain • 1768- Royal Academy of Arts founded

5. Important world events: • 1727- Coffee first planted in Brazil • 1752- Ben Franklin invents the lightening rod • 1756- Seven Years’ War begins in Europe • 1775- American Revolution begins

6. The Great Fire of London • On September 2, 1666, fire broke out in a London bakery. During the next four days it spread, destroying much of the city. Fortunately, the flames spread slowly, which enabled Londoners to escape. As a result, few people were killed; contemporary records indicate only five deaths from the fire. Damage to buildings and property, however, was considerable; 100,000 Londoners were homeless.

7. Read pages 496 and 497 • Read the information given to you about the punishment for swearing, travel rates, tea and coffee, the slave trade and the information titled, “Being There.” • Afterwards, answer questions 1-3 under “Reading Check” at the bottom of page 497.

9. PUNISHMENT FOR SWEARING! • Puritan commonwealth- swearing in public was an offense! • Punishment- PAYMENT OF A FINE • Varied according to social ranking • Duke = 30 shillings • Baron = 20 shillings • Squire = 10 shillings • Commoner = 3 shillings

10. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • The Divine right of Kings • James I firmly believed in the divine right of kings (kings derive power directly from God) • Didn’t want to reform Church of England ( founded by who??) • Instead, he wanted to conform his subjects to the church’s practices • Catholics Mass • Puritans religious gatherings

11. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • Growing Conflict • Charles I (James’s son) came into rule and people hoped for a more tolerant ruler • Hopes are CRUSHED! • Followed daddy’s footsteps, in that kings had divine right • Charles and Parliament butted head (they couldn’t agree on religious and economic matters) • He dissolved Parliament and did not call it back for 11 years!

12. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • During “11 years of tyranny,” they started to dislike each other even more • By the time Parliament came back, it was too late… • Parliament demanded to control all church and military matters and appoint ministers and judges • Ideological battle lines were drawn • August 1642- War had begun!

13. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • The English Civil War • Between Royalist Cavaliers (loyal to king) VERSUS Puritan Roundheads (called this because their hair was cut short, unlike the long-haired courtiers.

14. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • English Civil War • Oliver Cromwell- he’s a military genius and Puritan extremist • His New Model Army pretty much proved Parliament victorious! • April 1646, Charles surrendered himself to the Scots, who turned him over to Parliament in exchange for a large ransom

15. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • English Civil War • Parliament wanted to do away with monarchy (the king being the only one in charge) • Accused Charles- “Tyrant, Traitor, and Murderer; and a public enemy to the good people of this nation.” • Trial was controversial- BUT, the death sentence was passed…

16. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • English Civil War • Charles was publicly beheaded • A week after his death, Parliament abolished the monarchy!

17. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • The Commonwealth and the Restoration • Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector of the country • Until his death in 1658, Cromwell imposed strict Puritanical rules on public behavior and religious worship

18. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • He closed theaters, banned dancing and music, and caused all religious icons to be destroyed as “graven images.”

19. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • Parliament, who beheaded Charles I, asked his son Charles II to return from exile and reclaim the throne!

20. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • Monarchy is back, and so are theaters! And dancing! And public festivals are celebrated! new fashions in clothes, food, and ideas!

21. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • Charles II’s return set the stage for the Enlightenment that took hold during the following century

22. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • The Enlightenment and Neoclassicism • Enlightenment was a philosophical and literary movement that’s often referred as “The Age of Reason.” • Profound faith in the power of human reason and devotion to clarity of thought • Skepticism attitude toward traditional religion and a surge of scientific discovery

23. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • The Enlightenment and Neoclassicism • Neoclassicism- literary movement • Major opinion was the conviction that the classical authors of ancient Greece and Rome had perfected the rules and norms that should govern the writing of literature for all time

24. 3 big ideas from Puritanism to enlightenment: • Puritanism and the Civil War • The Restoration • The English Enlightenment and Neoclassicism • Your objective: • Group of THREE! No more than three! • Outline each of the big ideas • Make sure you switch papers and everyone has all three main ideas in their notes!