Lecture Notes 3: Biochemistry

1. Lecture Notes 3: Biochemistry Biology A Eaton Rapids High School K.Coppins

2. I. Basics of Chemistry • A. The Atom • 1. ______________________________ • 2. Made of a __________________ surrounded by a cloud of negative particles called ____________. • 3. All elements are listed on the _____________. Smallest unit of any element positive nucleus electrons Periodic Table

3. A. The Atom 4. Elements in the body: Oxygen (65%) Carbon (18%) Hydrogen (10%) Nitrogen (3%) Calcium (1.5%) Phosphorus (1.0%) Potassium (0.35%) Sulfur (0.25%) Sodium (0.15%) Magnesium (0.05%) Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine, Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.70%) Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine (trace amounts) Reference: H. A. Harper, V. W. Rodwell, P. A. Mayes, Review of Physiological Chemistry, 16th ed., Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, California 1977. I. Basics of Chemistry

4. I. Basics of Chemistry • B. Molecules • 1. When two or more atoms join together, they form a ___________. • 2. These are called _______________, and are based on interactions between the _________. • 3. If a bond joins different elements, the new substance is a __________. molecule chemical bonds electrons compound

5. I. Basics of Chemistry • C. Types of Bonds • 1. _____________ • a. Electrons move from one atom to the other. • b. Atoms become positively or negatively charged; called ____. • c. Charges attract or repel. • d. Good for __________________. Ionic bonds ions conducting electricity

6. I. Basics of Chemistry • C. Types of Bonds • 2. _______________ • a. Electrons are shared between two atoms. • b. Atoms must remain together • c. Bonds are flexible • d. Good for ________________. Covalent bonds large structures

7. I. Basics of Chemistry • C. Types of Bonds • 3. _______________ • a. Hydrogen holds electrons weakly • b. Has a slightly positive charge, attracted to anything negative. • c. Creates weak bonds that help hold structures but can be broken easily. • d. Examples: _________________ Hydrogen bonds DNA, hair, water

8. I. Basics of Chemistry • D. Molecules and Energy • 1. Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms. Energy is required to ______________ bonds. • 2. The amount of energy varies with the type of bond. Some bonds (hydrogen) are easily broken while others (triple covalent) are very hard. make or break

9. II. Water Chemistry • A. ________ is the most abundant chemical in the body. • B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. • 1. _____—water is a very small molecule, so it moves fast and can squeeze into tiny crevasses between other molecules. Water Size

10. II. Water Chemistry • B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. • 2. _________--Hydrogen has a slightly positive charge while oxygen has a slightly negative charge. This makes it easy for water to pry apart other charged molecules, dissolving them. Called a __________________. Polarity Universal Solvent

11. II. Water Chemistry • B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. • 3. _______________--Due to polarity, water forms a crystal structure that is less dense than liquid water. Crystal structure

12. II. Water Chemistry • B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. • 4. _____________--water absorbs and releases heat energy slowly, and can hold a great deal of heat energy. This helps organisms maintain their body temperature in the safe range. Heat capacity

13. II. Water Chemistry • B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. • 5. __________________--Polarity allows water to stick to itself (cohesion) and to any charged material (adhesion). Water can glue materials together. Cohesion & Adhesion

14. II. Water Chemistry • B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. • 6. _______--Water can act as either an acid or a base, maintaining a stable pH in our bodies. Buffer

15. III. Macromolecules • A. What are they? • 1. __________________________________ _______________________________________ • 2. Made of smaller pieces called __________ that can be assembled like legos to form a variety of structures. A large chain of monomers is called a _________. Very large molecules that make most of the structure of the body monomers polymer

16. III. Macromolecules • B. Carbohydrates • 1. Monomer: ____________________ • 2. Polymer: _____________________ • 3. Structure:______________________ ________________________________ • 4. Uses: ___________________ • 5. Examples: ________________ monosaccharide (sugar) polysaccharide (starch) rings of carbon with oxygen and hydrogen attached; CH2O energy, plant structure sucrose, cellullose

17. Examples of Carbohydrates

18. III. Macromolecules • C. Lipids • 1. Monomer: __________ • 2. Polymer: ___________ • 3. Structure:______________________ ________________________________ • 4. Uses: ________________________ • 5. Examples: ____________________ fatty acid lipid or fat 3 long chains of carbon hydrogen on a glycerol molecule energy, structure, warmth fat, oil, cholesterol

19. Examples of Lipids

20. III. Macromolecules • D. Protein • 1. Monomer: _______________ • 2. Polymer: _____________________ • 3. Structure:______________________ ________________________________ • 4. Uses: ________________________ • 5. Examples: ____________________ amino acid (20) protein or polypeptide central carbon atom with hydrogen, amine, carboxyl, & R groups structure, emergency energy skin, insulin, enzymes

21. Examples of Proteins

22. III. Macromolecules • E. Nucleic Acids • 1. Monomer: _______________ • 2. Polymer: ___________ • 3. Structure:______________________ ________________________________ • 4. Uses: ___________________ • 5. Examples: _______________ nucleotide (5) nucleic acid 5-carbon sugar attached to nitrogen base and phosphate group stores genetic code DNA and RNA

23. Examples of Nucleic Acids

24. IV. ATP adenosine triphosphate • A. ATP stands for _____________________ • B. Cells use ATP as a __________________ • C. Made of adenine with ___ phosphates • D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond between _____________________________ • E. When this bond is broken, tremendous energy is released. • F. The pieces are then reassembled, storing more energy for another use. rechargeable battery 3 the second and third phosphates

25. Examples of ATP

26. V. Enzymes • A. Special proteins that speed chemical reactions • 1. Chemical reactions require a certain _______________ to get started. • 2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making reactions occur faster. activation energy

27. V. Enzymes • B. Lock-and-Key Model • 1. Enzymes are not used up by the reaction, but each can only work on one reaction (________________). • 2. This is called the lock-and-key model of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which can open exactly one _____. If you want to “unlock” another reaction, you need a different enzyme. enzyme specificity key lock

28. V. Enzymes

29. V. Enzymes • C. Factors which affect enzymes • 1. _____________--enzymes, like all proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each has an optimal temperature range. • 2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: stomach • 3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster. Temperature pH Concentration

30. Images used in this presentation were obtained from: • Atom: PowerPoint clipart • Water molecule and Water attraction: stainsfile.info/StainsFile/jindex.html • Bohr water molecule: ghs.gresham.k12.or.us • Spoon on nose: statweb.calpoly.edu • pH scale: bcn.boulder.co.us • Glucose and Cellulose: www.greenspirit.org.uk • Sucrose: encarta.msn.com

31. Images, continued • Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cis and trans fat, and lipid molecule: biology.clc.uc.edu • Generic Amino acid: ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu • Peptide bond: www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk • Nucleotide: faculty.uca.edu • DNA helix: www.biologycorner.com • ATP: textbookofbacteriology.net • Activation energy: faculty.clintocc.suny.edu • Enzyme lock-and-key: www.celltech.com