1914 – Present 20 th century and Beyond

1. 1914 – Present20th century and Beyond AP World History Dr. Johnston and B. Shee (notes) Periodization: Why 1914?

2. 20th Century Ideologies • Economic (communism/capitalism) vs Political (totalitarianism/democracy) • Socialism vs. Marxism vs. Communism • Fascism- Totalitarianism • Representative democracy

3. World War I- The Great War Global War: “war to end all wars”: millions dead, trenches, flu, sparked more nationalism

4. BETWEEN THE WARSDepression, Appeasement, Communism, Facism • Versailles Treaty: Germany unhappy – later appeasement • Depression: hits Germany hard; 1920’s “swinging” in US • Cycle of depression hits and stock crash Oct. 29, 1929 • Russian Revolution • Chinese Civil War and then Japan invasion • Excess lands after WWI – China, Mandate System: Class A Mandates in Middle East (Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq) • New Science and technology • Rise of Facism and Nazism

5. World War II – The Western Front Allies (B., F.) vs. Axis (Germ., Italy, Japan) Later: Allies: B., F., US, USSR vs. Axis (G., I., Japan) • D-Day: June 6, 1944 • B. US & Canadian troops to France (Normandy) • Take back France, but G. held back for a year • Hitler commits suicide and war ends in Europe • Battle of Britain – B. left to battle Germany alone – France fell and rescue at Dunkirk • -Germany blitzkrieg • -Churchill “we shall never surrender” • June-Sept. 1940 – • Did not defeat B. • -US joins ALLIES

6. World War II – The Eastern Front • US gets involved after Neutrality Acts (sell supplies to both sides) – Pearl Harbor in Dec. 1941 • Africa: Italians took over Egypt, but not effective…Germans helped in Al Alamein, but B. held them back • Eisenhower led Americans into Morocco and Algeria – won the area • Invaded Italy – Mussolini killed • 1941 – Hitler takes USSR (breaks treaty) • Largest attack in history (Operation Barbossa) • Leningrad cut off – starving, but no surrender (1 million dead) • Germany goes after Stalingrad (near Moscow) and winter does them in • Battle of the Bulge: G. retreat

7. Revolutions • New ideas about class, property, land reform • How did this differ from 18th & 19th century?

8. LATIN AMERICA1914-Present • Politically: independent in 1800’s – BUT unstable governments: revolution, socialist attempts, dictatorships and military dictatorships ag. Socialism, 1990’s – democracy • Economically: Still under Western influence – trying hard to strike out on their own: hard • NAFTA attempt • Socially: issues between white and natives; very multi-national

9. Mexican Revolution (1911-1920) Geographically: lots of invasions and interventions..rich bribed & used forceGeneral Diaz (34 yrs) – Mexico declined 1% owned 85% of land (hacienda’s) – other end were Indians and mestizos - Mexican Revolution haphazard…Zapata led revolt ag. Hacienda’s in South; “Pancho” Villa & army of 3,000 seized hacienda’s in N. – create family ranches

10. RUSSIA • Politically: Changes in politics – autocratic Tsar – communism – communist dictatorship end of communism…but mostly communist • Socially and Economically: not even, superpower but not everyone feels human rights or economic well-being

11. Russian Revolution “Peace, Bread, and Land” • Czar and WWI too much for Russia • Bolshevik Revolution (Communists) wins Civil War under Trotsky: 1917 • Country almost destroyed; Lenin introduces his NEP which allowed peasants to sell surplus instead of turning it over to government…but Lenin still wanted to turn USSR into industrial country…peasants pay for it! • Stalin in 1926 – has Trotsky expelled and begins hard-line communist dictatorship • Great Purge Lenin – leader of Bolshevik Rev.

12. ASIA • SOUTH ASIA: Under British, gains independence – economically strong, but not still poverty; loses Pakistan; Muslim vs. Hindus – Sikh issues with Indira Gandhi • CHINA: Western control, fights with Japan, becomes communist – (Mao), Deng allows some economic capitalism, still human rights issues • JAPAN: Imperialistic, WWII loses and focuses on economy (no more emperor power)

13. Chinese Revolutions • Nationalists come to power, replace Qing… • Communists & Nationalists work together (ag. Japanese) and vie for power (i.e. Long March) • Communists win in 1949 with MAO

14. Cuban Revolution • In 1950’s, Batista unpopular dictator (US support) • Fidel Casto leads a totalitarian revolution – suspends elections, jails opponents, controls press, nationalized economy and took away US sugar mills/refineries • US intervene – Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis (nuclear war threat!!!) • Cuba dependent on Soviets – but Soviets crash in the 90’s: Cuba reforms

15. MIDDLE EAST • 1914 Ottoman; Balfour Declaration 1918 “mandates”–under W. influence • WWII end: Israel begins; wars w. Egypt/etc. • Attempts at peace • Terrorism ag. Israel and US/Western problems • Economically: Oil and OPEC – Iraq and Kuwait – Persian Gulf Wars

16. Iranian Revolution Clash between Islamic values and Western materialism (oil) – IRAN is best example of this • Shah westernized Iran (with US help/support) – but millions lived in poverty • Shah tried to weaken the Muslim leaders called Ayatollahs, but Ayatollah Khomeini incited riots in 1978 – Shah fled and Khomeini took over • Militant Islamic, anti-US, 1979 took US Embassy in Tehran

17. A New Age of Conflict • Role of technology– how does war change • Continued Impact of Disease (AIDS, SARS) • Connection of Nationalism to conflict (Middle East, genocide in Africa) • Balance: power politics vs ethnic nationalism

18. The Cold War

19. Cold War Ideas - • East & West Germany and Berlin “Iron Curtain Falls” • Policy of Containment (block Soviet influence/expansion) • Truman Doctrine – support countries that reject Comm and Marshall Plan (rebuilding project and aid for above) • Threat of Nuclear War “brinkmanship” • Korea (38th parallel – N comes into S…UN intervenes… • Vietnam: US afraid of Domino Theory – nervous about communist guerrillas in the South (17th parallel) – go in! • Détente with Nixon and SALT agreements • Reagan ratches it up again and then communism falls

20. International Organizations • UN created to protect members against Aggression • General Assembly and 11-member Security Council to settle disputes – 5 permanent members who have veto (B., China, F., US and USSR) • USSR boycotting UN when UN decided to go into Korea • NATO: defensive military alliance (west) vs. WARSAW PACT (East)

21. Wars of Independence

22. AFRICA • 1914: Politically “Scramble for Africa” – still colonial powers • WWII – Africa more involved in WWII: sees nationalism and ideas of WWII – inspires independence – decolonizes • Ghana, Kenya, Algeria • South Africa • Economically still a problem

23. Independence

24. Decolonization • A long and painful process– • Colonial legacies brought about anti-colonial nationalism and used lessons of war • THREE patterns: - negotiated independence (India) - Civil War (China) - Incomplete decolonization (Palestine, S. Africa and Vietnam)

25. Colonial Legacy

26. Global Economics • Global Depression • North and South • Interdependence • Emergence of Pacific Rim • Globalization– pros and cons? • NAFTA and W.T.O. • Consumerism • Religious response to Globalization

27. International Terrorism

28. Human Rights • Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 • Genocide Convention, 1948 • Armenian 1918 • Jewish Holocaust 1930’s- 1940’s • Cambodia- Pol Pot 1975- 1979 • Rwanda, 1994 • Child Labor, Soldiers, Slavery

29. Genocide

30. Social Reforms • Rise of Feminism (suffrage for women) • Civil rights movements globally • Anti-apartheid movement in South Africa • Class, religious, racial, gender, and sexual orientation, reforms worldwide

31. Human Environmental and Demographics Interaction • Continued Urbanization • Green Revolution • Deforestation • Ozone depletion • Global environmental efforts • World Population 7 billion – global impact?

32. World Population

33. Conclusions • Impact of technology? • Role of International Organizations? • Challenges? • Universal truths?